A+P I Chapter 10
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86 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 T/F: The nervous system works with the endocrine system to keep controlled conditions maintaining homeostasis. | T |
| What is the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system? | neurology |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? | 12 pairs |
| What do the cranial nerves control? | motor action of the head and face, sensory functions(5 senses etc) |
| Where is the spinal cord? | it's connected to the brain through the foramen magnum, and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs |
| What are ganglia? | small masses of nervous tissue located outside the brain and the spinal cord |
| What is the function of enteric plexuses? | to help regulate the digestive system |
| What are sensory receptors? | either parts of neurons of specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal or external environment |
| What are the three functions of the nervous system? | sensory function- with sensory neurons integrative function- analyzing sensory information/decisions motor function- to respond to stimuli- initiate action- motor neurons(efferent) |
| What are some of the major structures of the nervous system? | brain cranial nerves spinal cord spinal nerves ganglia enteric plexuses sensory receptors |
| What are the two divisions of the nervous system? | CNS and PNS |
| What is the CNS? | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the PNS? | consists of cranial(12) and spinal(31) nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers- connects CNS to muscles, glands, and all sensory receptors |
| What direction is afferent? | towards the brain, in |
| What direction is efferent? | away from the brain, out |
| How many lobes are in the cerebrum? | 4 |
| What are the four lobes of the cerebrum? | frontal parietal occipital temporal |
| What are the 4 major parts ofthe brain? | cerebrum hippocampus brain stem cerebellum |
| What is the function of the hippocampus? | controlling emotions and memory |
| What is the function of the brain stem and what does it regulate? | bridges the spinal cord and the brain- regulating vital function- breathing bp heartrate temp sleep cycle |
| What is the function of the cerebellum? | fine tuning motor activity such as walking or using hands |
| What are the primary uses of the left side of the brain? | use of symbols and language |
| What are the primary uses of the left side of the brain? | nonsymbolic, artistic |
| What is the ENS? | Enteric Nervous System consists of neurons in enteric plexuses that extend the length of the GI tract |
| What are the subdivisions of the PNS? | somatic autonomic enteric |
| What is the purpose of the SNS? | neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to CNS and motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue SOMATIC |
| Is the SNS voluntary or involuntary? | voluntary |
| What is the purpose of the ANS? | sensory neurons from visceral organs to CNS and motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands |
| What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do? | speeds up heart rate |
| What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do? | slows down heart rate |
| Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary |
| T/F: The neurons of the ENS function independently of the ANS and CNS. | T |
| What do the sensory neurons of the ENS do? | monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of its walls |
| What do the motor neurons of the ENS do? | govern contraction of the GI tract organs, and activity of the GI tract endocrine cells |
| What do neurons consist of? | axon, dendrite, cell body |
| What are dendrites? | receiving or input portions of a neuron |
| What are axons? | conducts nerve impulses from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron or to an effector organ of the body |
| What is the shape of an axon? | long, thin, cylindrical projection |
| What are some defining characteristics of the cell body of a neuron? | single nucleus Nissl bodies neurofilaments for shape/support microtubules pigment clumps |
| What are nissl bodies? | clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes for protein synthesis |
| Are dendrites myelinated or unmyelinated? | unmyelinated |
| T/F: dendrites do not contain neurofibrils and nissl bodies | F. They do |
| What is the function of dendrites? | conduct impulses towards the cell body- surfaces specialized for contact with other neuurons |
| What is the function of axons? | to conduct impulses away from the cell body |
| Where does the axon arise from? | the axon hillock |
| Where do the axon impulses arise from? | initial segment/trigger zone |
| What do the side branches of axons end in? | fine processes called axon terminals |
| What inn axons contain vesicles with neurotransmitters? | synaptic end bulbs |
| What is an example of a disease resulting from axonal transport? | tetanus |
| What happens with tetani bacteria? | they disrupt the motor neurons causing painful muscle spasms when bacteria enter the body through a laceration or puncture injury |
| What is a multipolar neuron? | several dendrites- one axon most common cell type |
| What is a bipolar neuron? | one main dendrite- one axon |
| Where are bipolar neurons found? | retina, inner ear, olfactory |
| What are unipolar neurons? | one process only- develops from a bipolar- always sensory neurons |
| T/F: Most neurons in the body are not classified as interneurons. | F. |
| What is the function of sensory neurons and are they afferent or efferent? | afferent. transport sensory info from skin ms joints sense organs and viscera to CNS |
| What is the function of motor neurons and are they afferent or efferent? | efferent. send motor nerve impules from CNS to PNS |
| What makes up 90% of neurons in the body? | interneurons |
| What is another name for interneurons? | association neurons |
| What is the function of interneurons? | to connect sensory to motor neurosns |
| What makes up half of the volume of the CNS? | neuroglial cells? |
| Are neuroglial cells smaller or larger than neurons? | smaller |
| What is the difference between neuroglial cells and neurons? | no action potential in neuroglial cells cells can divide 50x more numerous |
| 4 cell types CNS, 2 cell types PNS | - |
| What is a myelin sheath? | a multilayered lipid and protein covering that electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction |
| What is a Schwann cell? | a cell encircling PNS axons- each cell produces part of the myelin sheath surrounding an axon in the PNS |
| Is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated? | myelinated |
| Is gray matter myelinated or unmyelinated? | unmyelinated |
| How do we differentiate a light touch from a firmer touch? | firm pressure generates impulses at a higher frequency and stimulates more neurons |
| What is a synapse? | the functional junction between one neuron and another OR between a neuron and an effector ex. muscle or gland |
| What are the two types of synapses? | electrical chemical |
| How does an electrical synapse work? | ionic current spreads to next cell through gap junctions- faster two way transmission- capable of synching groups of neurons |
| How does a chemical synapse work? | one way info transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron |
| What is chromatolysis? | changes in the cell body due to damage to an axon |
| What is Wallerian degeneration? | degeneration of the distal portion of the neuronal process and myelin sheath |
| What is retrograde degeneration? | degeneration of the proximal portion of the fiber extending only to the first neurofibral node |
| Under what conditions can axons and dendrites be repaired? | neuron cell body remains intact schwann cells remain active and form a tube scar tissue does not form too rapidly |
| In 1992 a growth factor was found that stimulates adult mice brain cells to multiply | - |
| In 1998 new neurons found to form within adult human hippocampus | - |
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? | autoimmune disorder causing destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS- the sheaths become scars or plaques- 1/2 million people in the US- females 2x more than males- muscular weakness, abnormal sensations, double vision- remissions and relapses result in progressive cumulative loss of function |
| What is epilepsy? | second most common neurological disorder- short recurrent attacks initiated by electrical discharges in the brain- skeletal muscles may contract involuntarily and loss of consciousness |
| What is Parkinson's Disease? | brain's dopamine producing neurons die or become impaired- meds↑ dopamine level control signs/symptoms |
| What is Alzheimer's Disease? | plaques in between neurons and neurofibrillary tangles in neurons render patient with memory loss |
| What is Rabies? | viral infection that causes brain inflammation, delirium, and death |
| What effect does Drug Abuse have on the nervous system | artificially stimulates brain to feel pleasure by stimulating neurotransmitter |
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