Bio Vocab
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165 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 scientific method | steps used to create scientific phenomenon observation; question; hypothesis;prediction; experiment' predicted result |
| hypothesis | a tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a scientific phenomenon that has been observed |
| atom | the smallest unit of matter that retain the properties of an element |
| nucleus | an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell |
| protein | a biological macromolecule made of one or more polypeptides |
| amino acids | an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group |
| experiment | a test to prove your hypothesis right or wrong |
| variable | changes frequently |
| element | a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means |
| molecule | a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| peptide bond | the covalent linkage between 2 amino acid units |
| enzyme | a protein that serves as a biological catalyst |
| independent variable | the variable that you can control in a scientific experiment |
| dependent variable | the variable in an experiment that depends on all of the other variables; you cannot control it |
| intermolecular forces | the forces that exist between molecules in a compound (weaker force) |
| intramolecular forces | the forces that exist inside molecules in a compound (stronger force) |
| catalyst | agents that speed up chemical reactions |
| pepsin/pepsinogen | don't need to know it....................................... |
| control | an untreated group |
| data | the observations you have collected |
| covalent bonds | an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons; symbolized by a single line between atoms |
| non-polar bonds | electrons are shared equally |
| active site | site where the substance bonds with the catalyst for the effect to speed up |
| substrate | goes into the enzyme of a protein |
| inferring | a reason (or assumption) based on facts |
| theory | the comprehensive explanation supported by abundant evidence |
| polar bond | electrons are shared unequally |
| polar molecule | a molecule that has opposite charges on opposite ends |
| protein structure | primary-polypeptide chain secondary-coil/helix tertiary-"globular" quaternary- 2 or more polymers combined |
| fact | the ACTUAL reason |
| opinion | something that is only true in a persons mind |
| hydrogen bond | a type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted the partially negative atom |
| pH | a measure of the relative acidity of a solution ranging in value from 0-14; pH stands for hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen bonds (H+) |
| acid | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution |
| base | a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution |
| solution | a fluid mixture of 2 or more substances, consisting of a dissolving agent, the solvent, and a substance that is dissolving the solution |
| fat | a large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| lipid | a biological molecule that does not mix with water |
| oil | a liquid form of a lipid |
| saturated lipid | fatty and fat acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogen and therefore do not have double covalent bonds |
| carbon | an element that is contained in fats and carbohydrates |
| monomer | a chemical subunit that serves as a building block to a polymer |
| polymer | a large molecule consisting of many monomers |
| nucleic acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotides (ex DNA, RNA) |
| nucleotide | an organic monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded in a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| RNA | a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a sugar and nitrogenous bases |
| DNA | the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents |
| metabolism | the many chemical reactions that occur in organisms |
| carbohydrate | a class of biological molecules (ex Sugar, Starch) |
| glucose | a monosaccaride sugar |
| glycogen | a polysacchride; serves as an energy-storage in the liver and animal muscle |
| starch | a storage polysacchride found in the roots of plants |
| cellulose | a large polysacchride composed of many glucose monomers into cable like fibrils that provide support in cell walls |
| plasma membrane | the thin layer of lipids and proteins that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell |
| phospholipid | lipid containing a "head" and a "tail" |
| cell wall | structure for a plant cell |
| cytoplasm | everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus |
| nucleus | an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons; the genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell |
| chromatin | DNA strands in nucleus mixed with proteins |
| ribosome | a cell organelle that functions as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| vesicle | "mailman" of cell. transports materials throughout the cell. |
| mitochondrion | an organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plants and photosynthesis protests |
| chlorophyll | captures the light in a chloroplast; also keeps it green |
| flagellum | long "hair-like"; helps the cell move around |
| cilia | short "hair-like"; helps the cell move around |
| rough ER | an extensive network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane, with ribosomes |
| smooth ER | an extensive network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane, without ribosomes |
| eukaryote | a type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and all other membrane-enclosed organelles |
| prokaryote | a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and all other membrane-enclosed organelles |
| homeostasis | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| osmosis | the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| diffusion | process where molecules move from a large to smaller quantity |
| selective permeability | only some molecules can fit through the cell's membrane |
| turgor pressure | water pressure in a vacuole; gives the cell it's shape |
| multicellular | many cells |
| compound light microscope | an optical insturment with lenses that bend visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewers eye or on photographic film |
| electronic microscope (SEM&TEM) | a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen; a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimen |
| energy | the capacity to preform work, or to move matter in a direction in which it would not move if left alone |
| energy pyramid | a diagram depicting the cumulative loss of energy from a feud chain |
| trophic level | the level in a food chain |
| autotroph/producer | an organism that makes all it's own organic matter from inorganic a nutrients |
| heterotroph/consumer | an animal that eats producers to get energy since it cannot make its own. e.g. rabbit, snake |
| primary consumer | smaller consumer such as a cricket that consumes producers, 2nd trophic level |
| secondary consumer | eats primary consumers to get indirect energy from producers |
| photosynthesis | uses light energy to make chemical energy for other organisms |
| chloroplast | organelle in producers that do photosynthesis |
| cellular respiration | harvests energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules produced by photosynthesis |
| glucose | large energy molecule (C6_H12_O6) that is turned into atp, cell energy |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate. used with phosphate to store ATP |
| ATP | made my ADP+P to make adenosine triphosphate which stores energy |
| carbon cycle | diagram that shows how carbon dioxide moves throughout the ecosystem |
| aerobic | requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | does not require oxygen |
| alcohol fermentation | produces Ethly Alcohol along with 2 ATPs, mainly prokaryotes |
| lactic acid fermentation | produces lactic acid and 2 ATPs, mainly eukaryotes |
| cell cycle | sequence of stages leading from adult cell to adult cell |
| interphase | cell growth, chromosomes double |
| replication | where chromosomes make an exact copy of themselves |
| chromatin | DNA and protein combination in interphase |
| mitosis | nucleus divides and distributes to 2 new daughter cells |
| nuclear reproduction | chromosomes duplicate to form identical copies |
| chromosome | DNA containing structures, carry genes |
| spindle | long fiber that pulls chromatids apart in anaphase |
| cytokinesis | the process of the cell splitting into new cells |
| cell plate | forms during cytokinesis of plant cells, becomes cell wall |
| cleavage furrow | pinches cell intro two during mitosis of animal cell |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells throughout the body |
| meiosis | process that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms |
| diploid | 2n, two sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | n, only one set of chromosomes |
| homologous chromosome | chromosomes with same gene combinations |
| tetrad | combination of homologous chromosomes in meiosis, 4 chromatids |
| crossing over | when homologous chromosomes mix and match traits |
| genetic recombination | production of genes different from those carried by parent chromosomes |
| sexual reproduction | when male and female gametes combine to form a diploid organism |
| gamete | egg and sperm cells, used for sexual reproduction |
| egg | female gamete, one is made during meiosis |
| sperm | male gamete, four are made during meiosis |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| karyotype | display of homologous in one organized frame |
| autosome | non-sex chromosome |
| sex chromosome | non-matching pair of chromosomes that determine the person's gender |
| nondisjunction | mutation in meiosis which causes mutation in gametes |
| carcinogen | anything that causes cancer |
| mutagen | anything that causes a mutation |
| down's syndrome | trisomy 21, causes retardation in person |
| klinefelter's syndrome | more than 1 X chromosomes with a Y. Result is sexually underdeveloped male |
| turner's syndrome | XO chromosomes, missing an X. Result is sexually underdeveloped female |
| prophase | nucleus membrane breaks down, fibers coil and are visible |
| metaphase | mitotic spindle is formed, chromosomes line up in middle and are connected to spindle |
| anaphase | spindle pulls apart chromatids, chromosomes move to poles of cell |
| telophase | chromosomes reach cell poles, cell prepares to split, nucleus re-forms |
| chromosome | DNA containing structures that carry the organism's genes |
| homologous pairs | two chromosomes with the same gene combinations |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| trait | characteristic in an individual |
| gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| allele | alternative forms of genes |
| dominant | the trait is apparent in the phenotype |
| recessive | trait is not apparent in phenotype |
| phenotype | physical traits |
| genotype | genetic makeup |
| homozygous | pair of identical alleles in a genotype |
| purebred | homozygous alleles, totally pure in a trait |
| heterozygous | pair of differing alleles such as Bb in a genotype |
| carrier | Woman who carries a recessive sex-linked trait that will show up in all of her sons. |
| hybrid | another term for heterozygous |
| P generation | parental generation |
| F1 generation | offspring of parental generation |
| F2 generation | offspring of the offspring of the parental generation |
| monohybrid | type of cross where parents differ in only one characteristic such as PP x Pp, where P and p are the only different characteristics |
| codominance/incomplete dominance | such as YR, where Y and R both influence each other equally so that there is a unique mix. Example: (red) RR x (yellow) YY when you get YR which is orange |
| sex-linked | traits that are carried on the sex genes, most commonly X. |
| mutation | abnormal change in a gene |
| albinism | Lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes |
| hemophilia | inability for blood to clot in cuts. |
| red-green color blindness | inability to see red and green colors |
| PKU | accumulation of phenylaline in blood;lack of normal skin pigment; mental retardation |
| Tay-Sachs | lipid accumulation in brain cells; blindness; death in childhood. Commonly found in jews |
| sickle cell | sickled red blood cells, damage to tissues, commonly found in African-Americans. |
| huntington's disease | mental deterioration and uncontrollable movements; strikes in middle age |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | excess mucus in lungs; death unless treated; #1 lethal genetic disease in US |
| gamete | egg and sperm cells |
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