Human Bio Muscles
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 frontalis | o: cranial aponeurosis i: skin of eyebrows a: elevates eyebrows |
| sternocleidomastoid | o: sternum, clavicle i: temporal bone a: elevate/rotates head |
| rectus abdominus | o: pubis i: sternum, ribs a: flex vertebral column |
| Sartorious | o: ilium i: tibia a: flex tibia |
| rectus femoris | o: ilium i: tibia a: extends tibia |
| tibialis anterior | o: tibia i: metatarsals a: dorsiflex/invert metatarsals (foot) |
| gastrocnemius | o: femur i: calcaneus a: plantar flex foot |
| vastus lateralis | o: femur i: tibia a: extends tibia |
| external oblique | o: ribs i: ilium a: flex/rotate vertebral column |
| biceps brachii | o: humerus i: radius a: flex radius |
| pectoralis major | o: sternum i: humerus a: medially rotate humerus |
| deltoid | o: scapula, clavicle i: humerus a: abduct humerus |
| trapezius | o: occipital bone, cervical/thoracic vertebrae i: scapula, clavicle a: elevates scapula |
| latissimus dorsi | o: spinal chord, ilium i: humerus a: extend/adduct humerus |
| gluteus medius | o: ilium i: femur a: abducts femur |
| gluteus maximus | o: sacrum, ilium i: femur a: extends femur |
| biceps femoris | o: ischium i: tibia a: flex tibia |
| semitendinosus | o: ischium i: tibia a: flex tibia |
| soleus | o: tibia/fibula i: calcaneus a: plantar flex foot |
| vastus medialis | o: femur i: tibia a: extend tibia |
| adductor muscles | o: ischium i: femur a: adduct femur |
| triceps brachii | o: humerus i: ulna a: extend ulna |
| endomysium | covers each muscle fiber |
| perimysium | covers each fascicle |
| epimysium | covers entire muscle |
| aponuerosis | flat, cordlike tendon |
| smooth muscle | no striations, involuntary |
| sarcolemma | plasma membrane |
| myofibrils | long, ribbonlike nueclei |
| sarcomeres | smallest contractile unit |
| myofilaments | threadlike protein inside sarcomere |
| thick (myosin) filament | made up of protein myosin, contain ATPase enzymes (split ATP to generate power of muscle contraction) |
| crossbrigdes | link thick and thin filaments together during contraction |
| thin (actin) filaments | made up of protein actin, plus regulatory proteins that play a role in allowing or preventing myosin head-binding to actin |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | specialized, smooth endoplasmic reticulum; sacs and tubules surround each myofibril |
| muscle twitches | ... |
| fused (complete) tetanus | when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen ad the contractions are completely smooth and sustained |
| unfused (incomplete) tetanus | until the muscle reaches fused tetanus |
| lactic acid | what pyruvic acid in converted into during glycolysis |
| anaerobic glycolysis | ... |
| muscle fatigue | when a muscle is unable to contract even though it is being stimulated |
| isotonic contractions | the myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, movement occurs |
| isometric contractions | contractions in which the muscles do not shorten |
| muscle tone | state of continuous partial contractions, result of different motor units being stimulated by the nervous system in a systematic way |
| aerobic/endurance | greater resistance to fatigue |
| resistance/isometric | muscles are pitted against some immovable object, or nearly so |
| flexion | decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together |
| extension | increases the angle between two bones |
| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis |
| abduction | moving a limb away from the midline |
| adduction | movement of a limb toward the midline |
| circumduction | proximal end of the limb is stationary and its distal end moves in a circle |
| supination | radius and ulna are parallel |
| pronation | radius rotates over ulna |
| synergists | help prime movers by producing the same movement or removing undesireable movements |
| fixators | specialized synergists; hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all tension can be used to move the insertion |
| circular | when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings |
| convergent | fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon |
| fusiform | spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly |
| pennate | short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon |
| parallel | the length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle |
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