Honors Bio Exam Vocab
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Created by:
TheMoleMan on December 20, 2010
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | smallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of a cell |
| element | substances that cannot be broken down chemically |
| subatomic | smaller than atoms |
| electron | carries negative charge |
| proton | carries positive charge |
| neutron | no charge |
| electron shells | levels of energy |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons |
| chemical bonds | attraction, sharing, or transfer of outer shell electrons |
| chemical reaction | making and breaking of chemical bonds |
| cells | basic unit of life |
| law of conservation of matter | matter is neither created nor destroyed |
| activation energy | the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started |
| ion | atom or molecule that has acquired a positive or negative charge |
| ionic bond | attraction between oppositely attracted ions |
| covalent bond | two atoms share one or more parts of electrons |
| hydrogen bond | attraction of slightly positive hydrogen atom in a molecule and a nearby slightly negative atom of another molecule |
| pH scale | the level of H+ and OH- ions |
| acidic | more H+ than OH- |
| basic | more OH- than H+ |
| organic | living, has carbon |
| macromolecule | complex molecules |
| carbohydrates | compounds of carbon, hydrogen and water |
| monosaccaharide | simplest carbohydrates |
| disaccharide | sucrose(table sugar) |
| polysaccaride | several glucose molecules may bond to form these |
| lipids | fats and oils |
| proteins | structural components of cells as well as messengers |
| Amino acids | small molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| peptide bonds | covalent bonds formed between amino acids |
| polypeptide | long chain of amino acids |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
| secondary structure | chain folds and twist to form this |
| tertiary structure | globular folding |
| hydrophobicity | the tendency for non-polar amino acids to avoid water |
| quartenary structure | when two or more tertiary form it makes this |
| nucleic acids | macromolecules that dictate the amino-acid sequence of proteins |
| nucleotides | this makes up nucleic acids |
| RNA | ribonucleic acids |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acids |
| genes | units of genetic information |
| chemical energy | energy stored in the organic molecules from which the molecules are made |
| free energy | portion of chemical energy that is available to do work |
| nutrients | raw materials |
| heterotroph | obtain energy from other hetertrophs or producers; consumer |
| autotropgh | obtain energy from non-living sources; producers |
| photosynthesis | capturing sunlight for energy |
| chemosynthesis | obtain free energy from inorganic chemicals |
| cell respiration | chemical reactions that release free energy |
| decomposers | break down dead animals for food |
| food web | producers, consumers, decomposers form this |
| biotic | living |
| abiotic | non-living |
| ecosystem | what biotic and abiotic compounds make up |
| bioshpere | combination of Earth's ecosystems |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
| second law of thermodynamics | systems tend to change in a way that causes entropy |
| entropy | disorder |
| enzymes | specialized proteins that lower activation energy |
| catalysts | chemicals that lower activation energy |
| active site | small area of tertiary structure where substrate bonds |
| metabolism | all chemical activities |
| synthesis | "building-up" reactions |
| decomposition | "breaking-down" reactions |
| oxidation | removal of electrons from a molecule |
| ATP | adenosine triphospate |
| ADP | adenosine diphospate |
| digestion | process that breaks down food |
| ingestion | the process of taking food into the digestive tract |
| saliva | watery secretion containing digestive enzymes |
| epiglottis | trapdoor-like tissue |
| peristalsis | wavelike contractions of the muscle of esophagus |
| salivary amylase | enzyme in the mouth |
| gastrin | a hormone in the stomach |
| pepsin | active protein digesting enzyme in the stomach |
| trypsin | intestinal enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds |
| bile | secreted by liver and stored in gallbladder |
| lipase | secreted in the pancreatic and intestinal juices |
| cytoplasm | cell interior |
| transport proteins | help charged molecules get in |
| selectively permeable | limiting entry and exit from a cell |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration off molecules |
| osmosis | movement of water |
| turgor | outward pressure against a cell |
| passive transport | diffusion with no energy |
| active transport | diffusion with energy |
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