8th Grade CT Science CMT Review
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Created by:
mjorgensen1 on December 22, 2010
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120 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 axis | an imaginary line that passes through Earth's center and its North and South Poles- Week 1 begins |
| balance | an instrument used to measure mass |
| boiling point | the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas |
| camouflage | structural adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings; allows a species to avoid detection by predators |
| categorize | To arrange in classes; put with things with same or similar qualities; to classify |
| climate | the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time |
| conduct | to organize and perform an experiment |
| controlled experiement | an experiment in which all variables except one are kept constant |
| dependent variable | The experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| erosion | The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another- Week 1 ends |
| ecosystem | living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions- Week 2 begins |
| evaporate | to change from a liquid to a gas |
| function | the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part |
| trials | the number of times an experiment is repeated; more are necessary to prove experiements! |
| gravity | a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses; larger objects have more gravitational pull; ex. sun vs. Earth |
| meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| joules | Unit of Energy |
| milliliter | a metric unit of volume equal to one thousandth of a liter |
| mixture | a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding) |
| nonmetal | element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity and lacks the qualities of a metal. |
| speed | the ratio of the distance an object moves to the amount of time the object moves; D/T- week 3 begins |
| meter | the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites |
| newtons | The unit of measurement for force |
| nutrients | substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy |
| volume | the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object |
| variable | a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis |
| mitosis | the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one copy of the DNA is distributed into each daughter cell |
| synthesize | To combine so as to form a new, complex product or idea |
| states of matter | The physical forms of matter, which include solid, liquid, and gas |
| rotation | spinning of Earth on its imaginary axis, which takes about 24 hours to complete and causes day and night to occur |
| control | a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment; the comparison group |
| precipitation | water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, hail, or sleet- week 4 begins |
| offspring | a new organism produced by a living thing-Week 4 begins |
| oxygen | a gas that animals need to use in respiration and that plants give off into the air during photosynthesis; element symbol: O |
| gamete | haploid reproductive cells; ex. sperm or egg |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| Zygote | fertilized egg; first cell after sperm fertilizes an egg. |
| range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Record Data | the results and your observations from the experiment are recorded. use tables, graphs or charts to show your results. |
| reliable | can be trusted or depended on |
| reproduce | have offspring or young |
| revolution | Earth's yearlong elliptical orbit around the sun |
| water cycle | the continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and the air, changing from liquid to gas to liquid |
| weathering | the process by which rock materials are broken down by the action of physical or chemical processes |
| weight | the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity-Start Week 5 |
| work | a manifestation of energy; Ex. the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; equals force times distance"- |
| orbit | the (usually elliptical) path described by one celestial body in its revolution about another |
| atmosphere | a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon |
| resources | the energy and materials found in a habitat |
| pressure | the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface |
| scale | pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard |
| solvent | in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves |
| soluble | (of a substance) capable of being dissolved in some solvent (usually water) |
| survive | to remain alive, to continue living or existing |
| kilogram | one thousand grams (SI unit of mass) |
| differentiate | to make or become different; to tell the difference between; to note differences |
| temperature | A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance- start week 6 |
| tension | Stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object |
| theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| gram | basic unit of mass |
| valid | founded on fact or evidence |
| motion | an object's change in position relative to a reference point |
| molecule | group of atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| abiotic | nonliving, physical features of the environment, including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature, and climate |
| biotic | the living organisms in an ecosystem |
| decomposers | organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment- start week 7 |
| producers | organisms that make their own food; autotrophs |
| consumers | Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food; heterotrophs |
| eclipses | when the moon's shadow hits earth (solar-New moon phase) or earth's shadow hits the moon (lunar-Full moon phase) |
| extinct | no longer in existence; no longer active; gone out of use |
| experimental design | A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship |
| respiratory system | system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs |
| organism | a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently |
| structure | the arrangement of parts in an organism |
| testable question | Question that can be answered with data from an experiment |
| season | short period of climate change in an area caused by the tilt of Earth's axis as Earth revolves around the sun |
| element | any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter |
| dissolve | To mix completely with another substance to form a solution |
| digestive system | body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients |
| circulatory system | The human body system that contains the heart, blood, and all of the blood vessels. It delivers all the nutrients to the cells |
| egg | Female germ cell containing 1/2 of somatic cell chromosomes- all eggs are X chromosome |
| sperm | Male germ cell containing 1/2 of somatic cell chromosomes- 50% of sperm are Y & 50% X chromosome -end week 7 |
| credibility | the quality of being believable or trustworthy- Start week 8 |
| procedure | a set sequence of steps to complete an experiment |
| surface water | water contained in places such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and reservoirs and above the ground |
| compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| Celsius | Metric unit for measuring temperature; On this scale water freezes at zero and boils at 100. |
| kinetic energy | the energy an object has due to its motion |
| ground water | water that seeps downward into and through soil or rock; water stored underground in rock layers |
| irradiation | Ionizing radiation applied to food to kill microorganisms and other pests. Ionizing radiation disrupts the internal molecular workings of cells, killing them. |
| folded rock | When rocks are deformed plastically, they are bent into sloping folds |
| faulted rock | When rocks are deformed (broken) brittly, they are displaced along fractures |
| valleys | a low area between mountains or hills where streams and rivers often flow |
| floodplains | Low lands along riverbanks, lakes, and coastlines subjected to periodic indunation of water- end week 8 |
| line graphs | display changes in quantities over time or distance.- start week 9 |
| bar graphs | useful when comparing categorical (word) data by groups |
| dehydration | dryness resulting from the removal of water |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that involves dissolving; it can still be separated |
| musculo-skeletal system | The way your muscles and bones work together with the help of your nerves, and use the energy provided by cellular respiration within your cells to produce movement. |
| Potential energy | stored energy that is latent but available for use. A rock poised at the top of a hill or water stored behind a dam are examples. |
| Fahrenheit | A temperature scale with the freezing point of water 32 degrees and the boiling point of 212 degrees is also known as, |
| energy transformation | When energy changes from one form to another. E can never be created or destroyed. Law of Conservation |
| pickling | is when acids like vinegar are used to preserve some food |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes; humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
| density | mass divided by volume; the amount of matter in a given space |
| septic & sewage systems | designed to clean human waste water and eventually drain into ground and surface water |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production through cellular respiration |
| cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell- end week 9 |
| nucleus | The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell- start week 10 |
| ovary | female reproductive organ that produces egg cells and hormones |
| testes | male reproductive glands, which produce sperm and testosterone |
| condensation | the process by which a gas changes to a liquid as it cools |
| mechanical advantage | the ratio of the force exerted by a machine (output) to the force applied to it (input) |
| tectonic plates | individual sections of the lithosphere of the earth. They fit together in a way similar to a jigsaw puzzle, but are always moving very slowly, floating on the molten rock of the lower mantle. |
| circular motion | motion in a circle caused by a resultant force acting towards the center of the circle; ex sun's gravity pulls Earth's orbit out of a straight path. |
| Long Island Sound | a body of water (sound) between Long Island and Connecticut; all watersheds in CT reach LI sound |
| compression forces | forces that push toward each other |
| tension forces | are forces that pull apart, can stretch earths crust |
| load | forces that act upon a structure, machine, or bridge |
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