1.
Dampening in art lines & impact: 
Occurs with an air bubble or clot (they absorb the higher frequencies)
-usually negligible to MAP reading
2.
Drawbacks of automated oscillometers to measure BP (x2): -2 min minimum interval
-Fails at BP < 50 mmHg
3.
Frequency range for invasive BP monitor: 0 to 40 Hz
4.
Identify the BP measuring device & explain how it works: 
Penaz technique
-Uses LED plethysmography at fingertip & inflatable cuff to measure continuous BP at fingertip
5.
Law of Laplace [sphere]: P = 2T / R or
T = (P x R) / 2
(pressure, tension, radius)
6.
MAP of tall man standing (head, heart, feet): Head: 52 mmHg
Heart: 90 mmHg
Feet: 203 mmHg
7.
Mechanical work equation for the heart: Work = pressure x stroke volume
8.
Modern BP cuffs are considered what & how do they work: Oscillometers
-As BP decreases the needle oscillates (integrated electronics)
9.
PA catheter waveforms:
10.
Placing art line in brachial artery: a BAD idea
11.
Rate NS infuses in an arterial line: 4 mL/hr
12.
Relationship of MAP, CO, PVR: MAP = CO x PVR
13.
Resonance in art lines & how to prevent: 
Always occurs due to the inertia of the fluid column but as long as it is >40 Hz it does not interfere with the quality of the reading.
-Kept above 40 Hz by using stiff, short tubing.
14.
Width of BP cuff compared to diameter of the arm: Width should be 20% larger than the diameter of the arm.