AP Psych--Chapter 8
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amanda_pescovitz on January 1, 2011
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; NS that signals a UCS begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the UCS; also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2) |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS, such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCR, comes to trigger a CR |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus that is paired with the UCS and is then associated with the UCR to eventually trigger a CR |
| acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| delay conditioning | CS is present until US begins |
| trace conditioning | CS is presented, then removed; then US is presented |
| simultaneous conditioning | CS and US are presented at the same time |
| backward conditioning | US is presented before CS (ineffective) |
| John Watson | Psychologist; believed that human emotions and behavior, though biologically influenced are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses |
| Rosalie Rayner | Psychologist; assistant (and mistress) of John Watson |
| Baby Albert | feared loud noises, but not white rats; was conditioned to fear rats, generalized to all fluffy things |
| second-order (higher-order) conditioning | conditioning on top of conditioning (ex. food=saliva, food+bell=saliva, bell=saliva, bell+light=saliva, light=saliva) |
| Mary Cover-Jones | CC--first person to introduce counterconditioning (to treat fears) |
| counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behavior |
| systematic desensitization | associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli |
| John Garcia | Psychologist; species are biologically predisposed to learning things that help them survive |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a UCS does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimului similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS |
| Robert Rescorla | Psychologist; when two significant events happen together, the animal learns the predictability. |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| B.F. Skinner | Psychologist; behaviorist, did lots of work with operant conditioning |
| Edward Thorndike | Psychologist; created the law of effect, inspired Skinner |
| puzzle box | cage with a latch, developed by Thorndike, to test how long it took the animal to figure out how to escape |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber/Skinner box | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| chaining | use operant conditioning to teach something long that has many parts |
| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (not a punishment) |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned/secondary reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| partial/intermittent reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition or a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses; predictable/repetition increases reinforcement |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses; unpredictable/repetition increases reinforcement |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedules that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed; predictable/repetition does not increase reinforcement |
| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals; unpredictable/repetition does not increase reinforcement |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a map of it |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Edward Tolman | Psychologist associated with latent learning |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| overjustification effect | if you start off doing something for intrinsic reasons, then an extrinsic reward is offered, it is likely you will lose some or all intrinsic motivation |
| Albert Bandura | Psychologist associated with observational learning and the Bobo doll experiment |
| observational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitation a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior |
| Premack principle | a reinforcer's properties depend on the individual and the situation |
| learning curve | a graphic representation of how much learning takes place over time |
| behavior modification | the use of operant conditioning in any kind of training |
| token economy | a type of behavior modification; every time you do something right, you get tokens which can be redeemed for prizes. popular in stores, restaurants, and elementary schools |
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