Chapters 12 and 13: "The Roaring Twenties"
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KingsIslander on January 2, 2011
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Roaring 20s Politics | The U.S seeks postwar normality and isolation. Amid of labor unrest, the standard of living increases greatly. Immigration and Harding administration scandals also rise. |
| Americas Post-War Issues | the war leaves Americans exhausted and debate over the League of Nations divides the U.S., the economy adjusts as the standard of living doubles, soldiers take jobs from minorities and women as they return, farmers and factory workers suffer |
| Nativism | prejudice against foreign born people |
| Nativism Effects on U.S. | As this sweeps the U.S., fear of low-skilled immigrants flooding the labor market was an issue in the 1920s (focused on immigration from Poland and Italy). |
| Isolationism | pulling away from world affairs (becomes popular in the 1920s) |
| The Red Scare | The fear that Communism would come to America, in 1919: Vladimir Lenin (Bolsheviks supported communism and were the majority) sets up a communism state in Russia, the U.S. communist party forms (Industrial Workers of the World Join), in 1919 U.S. Anarchist bombings were attempted and carried out by followers of Luigi Galleani from April through June 1919 these bombings fueled this fear |
| Communism | economic, political system, single-party government, usually ruled by a dictator, no private property, means of production are controlled by government |
| The Palmer Raids | After the anarchist bombings, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (with assistant J. Edgar Hoover) takes action by hunting down communists socialists and anarchists, supposed criminals were arrested and put in jail (4,000 were arrested and only 556 were found to have evidence to be a communist, anarchist, or socialist), raids trampled over civil rights, Palmer announced the threat of communist riots on May day 1920 but none materialized, he was discredited and the Red Scare Passed |
| anarchy | opposition towards government |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | he headed up the raids to find communists, socialists, and anarchists and "bring them to justice" |
| J. Edgar Hoover | A. Mitchell Palmer's assistant in finding communists, socialists, and anarchists and "bringing them to justice" |
| Centralia Massacre | This incident happened on the first anniversary of Armistice day, it was a conflict between the American Legion and American Workers of the world, it resulted in 6 deaths, several wounded, and multiple imprisoned, the ramifications of this event included a trial that attracted international media |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | the Red Scare feeds a fear of foreigners, in 1920 Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (Italian immigrants) are arrested and charged with robbery and although there is no evidence they are found guilty and executed |
| Nativists | fewer unskilled workers are needed after war (immigrants weren't needed), all immigrants are thought to be anarchists, socialists, and communists |
| The Ku Klux Klan | this group believed in white protestant supremacy, they wanted to intimidate blacks who experienced a rise in status due to WWI, this group opposes: Catholics, Jews, foreign born immigrants, and unions, in 1924: 4.5 million members, this group hired advertisers to increase membership, new members were called imperial Keagles and got $4 of $10 from new members that they brought in |
| Bigots | these people used anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves |
| Red Summer of 1917 | A summer (and early fall) where blacks were attacked by whites in more than two dozen cities due to job competition |
| Quota System (Emergency Quota Act of 1921) | this enactment sets a cap of 3% of each nationality (based on the 1910 census) already in the U.S. to be allowed to immigrate to the U.S., it discriminates against certain nationalities such as Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | This act replaced the Quota Act of 1921, European countries cut 2% of number of residents in the U.S as of 1890, it prohibits Japanese immigration which causes tension between the U.S. and Japan, it does not apply to the western hemisphere (Canada and Mexico) |
| Postwar Labor Issues | During war-time, strikes were not allowed, in 1919 there were over 3,000, employers did not want pay increase and unions were labeled as communists |
| Seattle General Strike | It represented a new development in labor unrest that the war and was blamed on radicals, it was put down by Ole Hanson. |
| The Boston Police Strike | Boston police are upset because they haven't received a pay raise since the beginning of WWI, they unionize and strike. They are fired and replaced by Calvin Coolidge. |
| The Steel Mill Strike | 1919, AFL Steel workers strike and are temporarily replaced by strikebreakers, Wilson steps in and has the strikebreakers removed, in 1923 a report on the harsh conditions leads to an 8-hour workday. |
| The Coal Miners' Strike | John L. Lewis becomes the leader of United Coal Miners of America and defies orders to work during strikes, he leads the workers to a 27% pay increase. |
| John L. Lewis | The leader of coal miner strikes, he becomes head of United Mine Workers of America and founds Congress of Industrial Organizations, he was a national hero. |
| Union Decrease | In the 1920s, union memebership fell 5 million to 3.5 million, many immigrants didn't need unions because they were happy with the poor conditions, farmers were self-reliant, and unions excluded blacks |
| Warren G, Harding (1921-1923) 29th President | nominated by the republican party as a dark horse candidate, he believed in low taxes, high tariffs, and low immigration, he promised to return the U.S. to normalcy (before the war), he hosted the Washington Naval Conference, he gave U.S. steel workers an 8-hour day, he died suddenly while on a cross country trip, he was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge |
| Harding's Cabinet | Harding's cabinet was filled with capable men for their jobs, except the Ohio Gang Group which caused corruption (they were some of Harding's friends) |
| Bureau of the Budget | Created by Harding's cabinet, it was run by Charles Dawes and was in charge of government spending |
| Charles Hughes | He was in charge of state in Harding's cabinet. |
| Herbert Hoover | He was in charge of commerce in Harding's cabinet. |
| Andrew Mellon | He was Secretary of State in Harding's cabinet he proposed a disarmament of ships (others agree). |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | The scandal included bribery of Albert B. Fall (from the Ohio Gang), Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction, he leased the reserves to big businesses in exchange for cash payouts, the business men involved were imprisoned but Fall was put in jail, making him the first cabinet member ever to go to jail. |
| Dawes Plan 1924 | It is a debt restructuring plan for Germany after WWI, Germany would get loans from American banks pay those to the Allies and the Allies would repay the loans, the cycle was based on loans from American banks, this plan played a part in the development of the great depression |
| Kellog-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) (1928) | This agreement stated that 15 nations all believed conflicts should be settled peacefully, the U.S. congress demanded right of self-defense and that it shouldn't have to get involved with countries that broke the treaty, it lacked effectiveness becuase it provided no way of enforcement. |
| Calvin Coolidge (1925-1929) 30th President | He came to office after Harding's death and then after a landslide victory, he avoided responsibility for Harding's cabinet scandals but had an honest reputation, he believed in leading through inactivity, he felt that the main business of American people is business, he favored minimum government interference in order to allow private enterprise to flourish. |
| Industrial Changes in the 1920s and Their Effects | Change from steal to electricity (allowed more intricate design), scientific management lead to more efficient strategies for workers, major research and development projects reduced production costs, industries such as automobile, chemical, radio, printing, and commercial aviation expanded, led to overproduction by the 1920s. |
| The Business of America | The impact of the automobile (particularly the Model-T) liberated women and allowed people to live farther away from cities, by the late 1920s, there is one car for every five Americans |
| Clipper Routes | Routes where mail was delivered, people could also purchase tickets to ride along. These also lead to early forms of weather forecasting. |
| Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold and Juan Trippe | Both cofounders of Pan American World Airways. |
| Vega | Produced by Lockhead Company, it was the most popular plane of the late 1920s. |
| Charles Lindbergh | In 1927, he flew Spirit of St. Louis solo (May 20-21) on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris, it lasted 33 hours and 30 minutes, he was awarded the $25,000 Orteig prize. |
| Amelia Earhart (1928) | The first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic |
| Modern Advertising (1920s) | Advertising agencies hire psychologists to learn how to effectively advertise, Woodrow Wilson is the first president to broadcast to the U.S., KDKA in Pittsburgh was the first station in the U.S. to broadcast in 1920, radio helped to break down regionalism. |
| Superficial Prosperity | Most Americans believe that prosperity will last forever, so companies expand greatly, while people invest heavily in companies. |
| Installment Plans | A plan where an item is paid for over a set amount of time with interest fees. By 1924, 75% of cars were bought with installment plans while phonographs had 80%. |
| Changing Ways of Life | Economists issued warnings that everyone was spending too much, regardless people had a taste of the good life and wouldn't let it go. Suburbs began to grow as farmers packed up and moved in. |
| Shift in Popular Culture | Entertainment changes from local to national, movies come out and Hollywood becomes the place where they are made, professional athletics grow in popularity (baseball, boxing, and football), Tabloids also grow in popularity (Reader's Digest). |
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