Praxis ii 0330
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Created by:
lha2010 on January 2, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
Praxis ii Speech Language Pathology test prep
Classes:
SLP, Examen ACOA, Speech Pathology Forum, DLVE-SLP Speech Praxis Study Group
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138 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 7 Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles | Cricothyroid, Cricoarytenoid(lateral), Cricoarytenoid(posterior), Arytenoid, Thyroarytenoid,Aryepiglottis, Thyroepiglottis |
| 7 Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles | Digastric, Stylohyoid,Mylohyoid,Geniohyoid,Hypoglossus, Genioglossus, Thropharyngeus |
| Laryngeal Cartliages | Thyroid,Cricoid,Epiglottis,Arytenoids(2),Corniculate(2), Cuneiform(2) |
| Aperiodic Sounds | whispered speech vocal folds DO NOT vibrate during whispered speech |
| Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) | is when there is thick or sticky fluid behind the eardrum in the middle ear, with no infection |
| Hyperabduction | is a specific form of muscle tension, dysphonia, characterised by excessive abduction of the vocal cords. This means that the vocal folds are not able to come together or adduct sufficiently in order to produce voice. |
| Symptoms of Hyperabduction | weak breathy and or hoarse voice,decreased volume,excessive air escaping through the larynx during speech,phonation breaks,effortful phonation,vocal fatigue, short maximum phonation time |
| Hyperadduction | is a spcific form of muscle tension dysphonia characterised by excessive adduction or coming together of the vocal folds. Habitual use of a hyperadductive phonatory pattern can lead to the developement of vocal fold pathologies such as nodules or polyps |
| Glottal Fry | is an indicator of possible contact ulcers |
| Overshooting or undershooting of an action | indicative of cerebellar involvement |
| Using coughing or throat clearing | is an effective treatment to produce phonation in Aphonia |
| Blom-Singer or Panje Prothesis | shunt air from the trachea to the esophagus to allow patient to produce voice |
| Anoxic Encephalopathy | brain damage caused by lack of oxygen that leads to global impairments of memory |
| Perturbation | is a disturbance in the quality of the laryngeal tone, or fundamental frequency. Fundamental frequency=Fo |
| Williams Syndrome | delayed speech,developementally delayed,feeding problems,ADD,Learning disorders,Inward bend of little finger(clinlodactyly),mental retardation,very friendly,trusting strangers,fearing loud noises or physical contact and being interested in music, shorter than other members of the family,sunken chest,flat nasal bridge,long ridges on btwn nose and lip,prominent lips with open mouth,skin covering inner corner of the eye,missing teeth, enamel problems and widely spaced teeth |
| The effectiveness of tx can be best demonstrated by | Single-subject design |
| Medialization Thyroplasty | surgical procedure which moves the paralyzed vocal fold closer to the mid glottis to allow better compensation by the unaffected fold |
| Cohesive devices | are used to link sentences together in a clear and logical manner. synonyms,transition words, enumeration |
| Facilitation Process | exploit the available repertoire and incorporate new material in to the existing language system |
| Stroboscopy | is the best measure of viewing the vocal folds during phonation |
| Eustachian Tube Dysfunction | is nearly universal in cleft palate patients |
| A single prolonged exposure to loud noise will cause | tinnitus and temporary threshold shift in the higher frequencies |
| Hypoglossus | control over the fundamental frequency of laryngeal tone |
| Children with brain injuries | have greated problem managing their deficits |
| Reflexive vocalizations | cries, coughs, hiccups, which are related to the babys physical state |
| Canonical babbling | consonant-vowel combinations called canonical syllables begin to appear in a childs babbling(baaa, dadada, goo) |
| 2 language acquisition views | Behaviorist Interpretation & Nativist Interpretation |
| Behaviorist Interpretation | stimulus-response-view of all behavior classical conditioning explains word meaning acquisiton(new meanings to old stimuli) Watsons research on Little Albert |
| Nativist Interpretation | Noam Chomsky most famous language nativist-child does not need to learn what al human languages have in common(UG);only needs to learn what is unique to his or her specific language principles(innate) and parameters(acquired quickly) Language acquisitions device(LAD) innate ability to acquire language The Nativist Perspective in Review-we have not ruled out the nativist basis contention, which is that human beings are born with an innate capacity for language. |
| Brown Stages | were identified by Roger Brown 1925-1997 and described in his classic book |
| Morphology | in linguistics, morphology is the branch of grammar devoted to the study of the structure or forms of words(the study of word structure) |
| Syntax | study the rules governing the combination of words to form sentences |
| Morpheme | is a unit of meaning. Unhappiest-equals 3 morphemes |
| Left Brain Functions | uses logic, detailed oriented,facts rule,words and language, present and past, math and science, can comprehend, knowing,acknowledges, order/pattern perception,knows object name, reality based, forms strategies, practical, safe |
| Right brain functions | uses feeling, "big picture"oriented, imagination rules,symbols and images, present and future, philosophy and religion, can "get it" believes, appreciates, spatial perception, knows objects function, fantasy based, presents possibilities, impetuous, risk taking |
| The Source-Filter Theory | describes speech production as a two stage process involving the generation of a sound source, with its own spectral shape and spectral fine structure,which is then shaped or filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract. |
| Waveform | is an image tat represents an audio signal or recording.It shows the changes in amplitude over a certain amount of time. The amplitude of the signal is measured on the y-axis(vertically) while time is measured on the x-axis(horizontally) |
| Formant | refers to peaks in the harmonic spectrum of complex sound |
| spec tro gram | a graphic or photographic representation of a spectrum |
| phoneme | is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning in a language. are not the physical segments themselves but are cognitive abstractions or categorizations of them |
| phones | refer to the instance of phonemes in the actual utterances-physical segment |
| anaphora | using a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier |
| emotional prosody | is the expression of feelings using prosodic elements of speech. Charles Darwin |
| Linguistic Prosody | refers to intonation and vocal stress in speech |
| Common resonance disorders | hypernasality, hyponasality and nasal emission |
| Friedreichs ataxia | is an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in symptoms ranging from gait disturbance and speech problems to heart disease |
| Ataxia | is a symptom of coordination problems-clumsy or awkward movements and unsteadiness and occurs in many different diseases and condtions. |
| Myasthenia Gravis | is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal voluntary muscles of the body. The name of myasthenia gravis which is Latin and Greek in origin, literally means "grave muscle weakness". Muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Certain muscles such as those that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often, but not always involved in this disorder. muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movements may also be affected |
| Acoustic Reflex | is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mannamls in response to high-intensity sound stimuli |
| olfactory 1 | smell |
| optic 2 | vision |
| oculomotor 3 | eyelid and eyeball movement |
| trochlear 4 | turns eye downward and laterally |
| trigeminal 5 | chewing, face and mouth touch and pain |
| abducen 6 | turns eye laterally |
| facial 7 | facial expressions secretion of tears and saliva and taste |
| auditory 8 | hearing equillibrium sensation |
| glossopharyngeal 9 | taste/senses carotid blood pressure/ |
| vagus 10 | senses aortis blood pressure/slows heart rate/stimulates digestive organs/taste,motor intervention to the larynx and velum |
| spinal accessory 11 | controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid/controlls swallowing movements |
| hypoglossal 12 | controls tongue movements |
| Speech Reception Threshold | is a basic component of an evaluation of hearing function. It is measured in decibles and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approx 50% of the time |
| hispanic issues when speaking english | use multiple negation inappropriately |
| Flaccid Dysarthria | is most frequently associated with significant dysphagia |
| Chewing Technique | is used to reduce muscular tension in the laryngeal area |
| Facilitation process | is best described by exploitation of available repertoire and metalinguisteic activities-incorporating new materal into the total existing language system |
| The basic reason for using standardized or normative instruments for assessing language and speech function | a clients behavior is most usefully compared to what is normal for a person in that age range |
| The most reasonable standard to apply when judging whether a client has achieved generalization of a targeted skill | The client uses the targeted skill in the presence of stimulus conditions not present during the training process and in the absence of reinforcement |
| The most serious limitiation of employing imitation as an intervention strategy for children with a language impairment | it lacks communicative intention |
| Naturalistic Teaching | focuses on the successful production of utterances that are communicatively useful in context-establishing successful and useful communication |
| Conductive hearing loss | children with hx of otitis media are at risk of mild to moderate conductive hearing loss. They have difficulty perceiving and producing strident or high frequency consonants, such as siblilants. |
| Thermal Stimulation | helps trigger the swallow reflex |
| Goal for Layrngectomy patient | restoration of oral communication |
| Children dx with specific language impairments | are likely to exhibit the greatest deficits in production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax |
| A functional communication tx objective | client will use the phone to request info or assistance in 80% of the appropriate situations presented |
| Leading cause of neuroligical speech and language disorders in adults | CVA |
| 5 yr old with mulitple speech path errors tx goal | delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal contrast pairs |
| a correct response rate of 51 percent on a 2 choice picture pointing task would most likely indicate ... | a random pointing response |
| Stroboscopy | generally is the most efficient and effective instrumentation for viewing the vocal folds during phonation |
| A clinician who employs active listening | responds to both the content and the affect of a clients remarks |
| Why u dont use chronological age as a performance criterion for a child with Downs Syndrome | using chronological age would make the childs language disorders seem more pronounced(overidentify) |
| Athetosis-Cerebal Palsy | slow, arrhythmic, writhing and involuntary movements of the extremities |
| Apraxia of Speech | difficulty in the appropriate coordination of the motor movements required to produce well formed speech sounds. |
| Tx of Apraxia of Speech | auditory-visual stimulation,oral motor repetition,and phonetic placement |
| Independent Variable | manipulated or selected by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable(ex. manipulating vocal loudness to see its effect on prosodic Fo and durational variables) |
| intermittent reinforcement | used when a behavior has already been acquired, a random ratio of tokens to correct responses creates an intermittent reinforcement schedule and is the most effective |
| Flaccid paralysis of the soft palate | referal for a construction of a palatal lift appliance is appropriate |
| Infant known to have a hearing loss | Parents are in the best position to provide consistent auditory stimulation and such stimulation is what the infant needs to develop awareness of sound |
| Naturalistic Contexts | everyday situations provide opportunities for the use of fuctional and meaningful linguistic forms |
| agent vs subject | whether something is an agent depends on semantics whereas whether something is a subject depends on syntax |
| Hearing loss in infants born with a cleft palate is usually related to what? | Eustachian tube dysfunction |
| word finding difficulties related to aphasia | tx to remediate these difficulties is appropriate |
| A single exposure to several hours to continous music with overall level of 100 db SPL will cause what | tinnitus and a temporary threshold shift in the high frequencies |
| Bilingual english spanish speech error | irregular verbs |
| linguistic approach | contrast alveoloar stops with velar stops in meaningful word pairs |
| For a test of expressive morphology and syntax for speakers of african american vernacular english, test item that would be considered LEAST biased against such speakers would be one requiring | agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents in gender and number |
| Right Hemisphere traumatic brain injury | visuospatial disorgainzation,an inablitiy to initiate interactions,unilateral neglect,and lack of facial expression |
| In deciding wheter the child is developmentally non fluent or is stuttering, the SLP will determine | the nature and frequency of the childs repetitions |
| Interjudge reliability | is one whose results are replicable even if different people admininster the test |
| cricothyroid | control over the fundamental freq of the laryngeal tone |
| Posterior Cricoarytenoid | abducts the vocal folds |
| Lateral Cricoarytenoid | adducts the vocal folds |
| Hypoglossus | lowers the tongue |
| Sternocleidomasatoid | respiratory muscle |
| Cricothyroid | Muscle that has the greatest control over teh fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone by lengthening or tensing the vocal folds |
| Manual depression of the larynx | will serve to lengthen the vocal folds, allowing them to vibrate at a lower frequency. ex effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss |
| Insufficient palatal closure | excessive nasality-speak while alternating opening and closing the nostrils |
| Ear Malformation | individuals diagnosed with having hemifacial microsomia are also most likely to have this |
| Developmental apraxia of speech | symptoms include-articulation characterised by groping, inconsistency, and errors of sound and syllable sequencing |
| Structured play to address short term goals | Toddlers and preschoolers respond better to games and play activities than structured exercises so use.... |
| Hyperadduction of the vocal fold tx | have the client use light and gentle vocal fold contacts will help reduce tension and be effective |
| Consonant cluster reduction | is the most persistent of the normal developmental processes |
| Whispered speech | it is composed largely of aperiodic sounds |
| Syntactic Complexity | is determined by the number of transformational rules that are applied to a given sentence |
| Impaired attention and memory are symptoms | brain injury |
| Cognitive therapy for stuttering | focuses on changing faulty beliefs about self-control and the perceived benefits of stuttering |
| Wernickes Aphasia | include deficits related to the ability to recognize the adequacy of ones verbal production |
| Glottal fry is a symptom of | contact ulcers |
| Hoarse voice,hard glottal attacks,lowering of pitch | Vocal Nodules |
| Acute laryngitis | a person may lose the use of the voice and may even become aphonic during this episode |
| Ventricular Phonation | use of false vocal cords,a rought type of phonation when used with true vocal cords can reslut in diplophonia |
| spastic dysphonia | aphonic breaks due to sudden over adduction or underadduction of the vocal folds |
| Tx of aphonia | developement of phonation thru coughing or throat clearing |
| Flaccid dysarthria | child is likely to have chewing, eating and swallowing issues with this |
| Cleft palate can be caused by | genetic factors interacting with environmental factors |
| Anoxic encephalopathy | brain deprived from oxygen-memory issues |
| valleculae | are depressions that lie lateral to the median epiglottal folds |
| ABAB or ABA | shows changes when intervention is applied.Single subject design using ABAB or ABA design is the best method to determine whether the intervention has succeeded |
| Standardized test | reveal how well a client performs compared to a specific population |
| a SOAP, subjective objective assessment plan | explains a desired goal and specific outcomes in the overall effects of intervention |
| Auditory training | interpretation of auditory input and would thus teach a client to discriminate speech sounds |
| repeated episodes of otitis media with intermittent hearing loss | effects overall language development |
| following medialization throplasty | need to produce hard glottal attack |
| Browns morphemes are acquired | by children in an order that is determined by their semantic and syntactic complexity |
| aphonia | loss of voice, inability to speak |
| dysphonia | phonation disorder/dysphonic voice can be hoarse or weak, or excessively breathy, harsh, or rough, but some kind of phonation is still possible/ |
| Dysarthria | is a motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury, characterized by poor articulation |
| Dysarthric speech | due to some disorder in the nervous system, which in turn hinders control over, for example, the tongue, throat, lips or lungs. Swallowing problems (dysphagia) are often present. |
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