AP Euro 18th century
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 agricultural revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering |
| open field system | system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting |
| Charles "turnip" Townsend | Learned from the Dutch how to cultivate sandy soil with fertilizers. also instituted crop rotation, using wheat, turnips, barley, and clover |
| Cornelius Vermuyden | most famous of Dutch engineers in drainage techniques |
| corp rotation | the ideal of rotating crops as a way to preserve soil |
| Jethro Tull | English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding. |
| seed drill | machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows |
| Robert Bakewell | This person was a pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics. |
| Columbian exchange | The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans |
| enclosure movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. |
| corn laws | These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially |
| population explosion | the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century |
| proto-industrialization | Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy |
| cottage industry | small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment, / Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. |
| flying shuttle | was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand |
| spinning jenny | allowed the operator to spin eight or more threads with additional spindles |
| water frame | 1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms |
| spinning mule | In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent |
| mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests |
| atlantic economy | English merchants believed in upholding private interests of the people and the central state. Led to Navigation Acts. |
| sugar | a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener and preservative |
| bullionism | nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries |
| Bank of England | created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions |
| Act of Union, 1707 | unified England and Scotland; the Scots sought the benefits of trade within the English empire |
| Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. |
| Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa |
| Dutch Republic | United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt. |
| Anglo-Dutch Wars | Three indecisive wars between the British and the Dutch, 1652-1674, England annexed the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to become New York |
| slave trade | The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves |
| "Middle Passage" | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade |
| south sea bubble | sold shares but then went bankrupt, Walpole made Parliament give the investors their money back, created trust for the English economy |
| mississippi bubble | created by John Law, it failed so the ecomoy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy |
| war of spanish succession | This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V |
| Treaty of Utrecht | 1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire |
| asiento | The Slave Trade. First intruduced by Portugal in Brazil to farm sugar plantations where an estimated 50 million Africans died o became slaves during the 17th and 18th century |
| seven years' war | Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land |
| treaty of paris | This treaty ended the Seven Years War |
| American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. |
| creoles | descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status |
| mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory |
| "spare the rod and spoil the child" | ... |
| Edward Jenner | developed a vaccine for smallpox |
| pietism | 17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion |
| John Wesley | English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) |
| Methodism | the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals |
| Rococo | fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century |
| Neoclassicism | revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation |
| Jacques-Louis David | French neoclassical painter who actively supported the French Revolution (1748-1825) |
| Classical Style | A 17th/18th century cultural style emphasizing restraint and balance, following models from ancient Greece and Rome |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Born 1756 in Austria. Musical prodigy. Traveled through Europe. Rebelled against church rules. Classical Style, |
| Franz Joseph Haydn | (1732-1809) Classical composer who spent most of his life as musical director for wealthy Esterhazy brothers; visits to England introduced him to world of public concerts rather than princely patrons;wrote The Creation and The Seasons |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | The first romantic composer best known for his symphony .His work required more larger and varied orchestra. |
| symphony | a long piece of music to be played by an orchestra |
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