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Nomad People who wandered place to place in search for food Democracy Government by the people; means "the rule of the people" Natural Rights Specific rights all people were born to have Citizenship A native or naturalized member of a state or other political community Polis The Greek word for city-state Republic A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them Aristocracy A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility Monarchy A government in which power is in the hands of a single person (king or queen) Knight In the Middle Ages, a lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord Samurai Japanese warriors that protected the daimyo Shogun The Japanese top general Genghis Khan A Mongol that captured the Chinese capital (today's Beijing) Neolithic Revolution The shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis (around 8,000 BC) Pyramid Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that meet at a point on the top Pharaohs Rulers of Egypt; means "great house" Hieroglyphics The form of writing Maya writing was based on; an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds Monotheism The belief in one god Feudalism Also know as the feudal system (the political organization of lower nobles pledging loyalty and military service to higher nobles and people being governed by lords) Vassal The person who received a fief (the grant of land) Crusades A series of military expeditions that began with the Seljuk Turks gaining control of Jerusalem (the Holy Land) William the Conquerer The Norman King that invaded and ruled English from 1066 to 1087 (brought feudalism and laid the foundation for a strong monarchy) Charlemagne The greatest of all Frankish kings (worked to build a "New Rome") Alexander the Great The son of Philip II of Macedon; a very successful conqueror that spread the Hellenistic culture Black Death The plague that spread through Europe; the disease that was carried by rats on ships Magna Carta A document King John was forced to sign (by the nobles) in order to limit his power Five Pillars of Islam The rules all Muslims have to follow Muhammad A trader born in Mecca; the man that claimed to be the prophet of Allah (Arabic for God) Muslims Followers of Islam Vikings Germanic people that raided Europe and British Isles Sabbath A holy day for rest and worship (usually Sunday) Gothic / Romanesque Cathedrals Styles of church architecture Korean Culture The culture that was strongly shaped by China; the culture of the people who developed celadon pottery Tang Dynasty The Chinese dynasty where the first "Golden Age" occurred Constantine The Roman emperor that named the city he rebuilt (Byzantium) after himself Daoism Chinese philosophy; the religion taught by Laozi Buddhism The religion found by Siddhartha Gautama; the religion talking about the "Four Noble Truths" Confucius A leading Zhou philosopher that helped explain changes like the Mandate of Heaven Hinduism The religion Vedas formed the base of (spread throughout India) Characteristics of Early Civilizations * Agricultural surplus * Division of labor * A large city Islam The religion Muhammad spread