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political issues of the Gilded Age corruption (scandals in gov't), lack of gov't leadership, post-Civil war economic issues taxes/(tariffs/currency/borrowing money), civil service reform gov't job corruption allowed jobs to be "bought" (employees donated salaries to politcal parties to keep jobs) Black Friday hundreds of people ruined when the price of gold dropped (Grant was blamed but was caused by stock speculation of Gould and Fisk) Credit Mobilier scandal involving a construction company that received favors from Congress and had huge profits Whiskey RIng scandal involving tax officers and alcohol distillers who conspired together to cheat the gov't out of taxes on distilled liquor Boss Tweed political "boss" whose organization controlled most of NY City politics and whose corrupt practices cost the city millions Chester A. Arthur president following Grant's assassination; independent of normal politics: favored reductions in high tariffs, wanted civil service reform and vetoed bills that his party (Republicans) favored Grover Cleveland Democratic president who signed Interstate Commerce Act into law; wanted voluntary arbitration of strikes; sympathized with the Indians (Dawes Act); vetoed pension bills of Civil War veterans; opposed silver policy that would cause inflation populism a political belief that wanted economic and social reform and that rejected laissez-faire (wanted expanded govt power); "equal rights for all and special privielges for none"; philosophy of a political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help industrialization of the South helped by govt policies such as tax exemptions and subsidies for businesses disfranchisement loss of the right to vote; southern whites used poll taxes and literacy tests to keep blacks from voting Supreme Court reactions to segregation favored the rights of states (federal govt did not have the power to decide what a state could or could not due to protect the rights of its citizens); "separate but equal" OK; black response to discrimination Booker T Washington felt blacks needed to work for economic security before seeking equal rights; W.E.B. DuBois wanted blacks to fight openly against discrimination-founded Niagra Movement to work for black political and civil rights political machines party organization headed by a boss or a small group of politicians whose efforts were directed at keeping themselves in power ballot stuffing filling ballot boxes with extra or illegal votes laissez-faire "hands-off policy"; an economy should be run without govt interference greenbacks paper money not backed by gold or silver mugwumps an Indian term meaning "big chiefs"; reform-minded, liberal Republicans; called for civil service reform mudslinging attempt to ruin a political opponent's reputation with insults poll tax fee or tax paid at election time in order to be allowed to vote; attempted to prevent blacks from voting literacy test test of reading and ability to explain state constitution that was given to determine eligibility to vote; attempted to prevent blacks from voting grandfather clause clause in the constitutions of southern states that allowed people to vote only if their ancestors had been eligible to vote on 01/01/1867; attempted to prevent blacks from voting Jim Crow laws laws passed to segregate blacks from whites Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court ruling in 1896 that ruled that segregation was OK if there were equal facilities provided; "separate but equal" NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; worked to win civil rights