Spinal Anatomy II - Exam 3 Quiz Questions
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DrMatt2013 on January 5, 2011
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Questions taken from the daily quizzes given in class over the material on exam 3.
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1? | 1. Atlas assimilation |
| What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2? | 1. The subdental synchondrosis |
| What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7? | 1. Os Odontoideum |
| If the joint between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called? | 1. Terminal Ossicle |
| What us a basilar impression? | Persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain |
| What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1? | 1. Males are two to three times more affected |
| What is characteristic of lumborization of S1? | 1. The failure of synostosis between S1 & S2 2. Squaring of the vertebral body of S1 3. Flaring of the sacral ala |
| What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve? | 1. Centers for vision & equilibrium will appear in the brain 2. Musculature attaching the skull, cervical region and upper thorax together develops as the head is held upright 3. The intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior |
| What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect? | 1. The righting reflex |
| What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve? | 1. Crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward. 2. Muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars. 3. Intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior. 4. Walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development. |
| What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness? | 1. A right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination |
| What names are given to conditions associated with abnormal curves of the vertebral column? | 1. Lordosis 2. Kyphosis 3. Scoliosis |
| What are the curve classifications for military neck? | 1. A kyphosis of hypolordotic curve |
| What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback? | 1. A kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve |
| What are the curve classifications for a swayback? | 1. A lordosis or hyperlordotic curve |
| What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society? | 1. Magnitude 2. Location 3. Direction 4. Etiology 5. Structural/non-structural |
| Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis. | 1. Left thoracic 2. Male 3. Less than 1% incidence |
| Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. | 1. Right thoracic 2. Females over 6 years old 3. 12% - 21% incidence |
| Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | 1. Right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar 2. Females 3. 80% incidence |
| Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion? | 1. Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum |
| Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion? | 1. Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum |
| Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine? | 1. Multifidis |
| Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column? | 1. Lateral flexion & rotation of the spine 2. Maintains the lumbar lordotic curve 3. Prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement |
| Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin - insertion? | 1. Multifidis lumborum |
| Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull? | 1. Obliquus capitis inferior |
| What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group? | 1. Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints |
| Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the interspinalis? | 1. Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture. |
| What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii? | 1. Accessory process of transverse process L1-L4 2. Mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4 |
| Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament? | 1. Quadratus lumborum |
| What is the origin of the psoas major? | 1. Vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 2. Transverse processes of L1-L5 |
| What are the types and examples of exteroceptors? | 1. General or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings. 2. Special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing and taste. |
| What are the examples of proprioceptors? | 1. Golgi tendon organs 2. Neuromuscular spindles 3. Pacinian corpuscles 4. Inner ear receptors for equilibrium 5. Specialized receptors in joints |
| What are the three groups of sensory receptor endings based on morphology? | 1. Free nerve endings 2. Epidermal nerve endings 3. Encapsulated nerve endings |
| What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings? | 1. Palisade nerve endings 2. Merkel cell endings 3. Ruffini corpuscles or Ruffini nerve endings |
| What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings? | 1. Tactile corpuscles 2. Lamellated corpuscles 3. Neurotendinous endings 4. Type II slowly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors |
| Which of the encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors? | 1. Tactile corpuscles or Meissner's corpuscles 2. Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles |
| What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve? | 1. Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers |
| Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion. | 1. Sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses 2. Motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses |
| Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves? | 1. CN III or Oculomotor nerve 2. CN IV or Trochlear nerve 3. CN VI or Abducens nerve 4. CN XII or Hypoglossal nerve |
| Muscles derived from branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves? | 1. CN V or Trigeminal nerve 2. CN VII or Facial nerve 3. CN IX or Glossopharyngeal nerve 4. CN X or Vagus nerve CN XI or Spinal Accessory nerve |
| What are the basic morphologies of neurons? | 1. Unipolar 2. Bipolar 3. Pseudounipolar 4. Multipolar |
| What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons? | 1. Nasal olfactory epithelium 2. Vestibular or Scarpa's ganglion 3. Cochlear or Spiral ganglion |
| What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons? | 1. Any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve. |
| What are examples of multipolar neurons? | 1. Stellate neurons 2. Motor neurons of the brain & spinal cord 3. Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex 4. Projection neurons or Golgi type I Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex 5. Local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebral & cerebellar cortex 6. Neurons of the motor ganglia |
| What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings? | 1. Functional specificity 2. Distribution-function 3. Structure or Morphology |
| What do chemoreceptors monitor? | 1. Hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels 2. Hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels 3. Elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH |
| What is the site or location for chemoreceptors? | 1. A glomus or body |
| What do baroreceptors monitor? | 1. Blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending |
| What is the site or location for baroreceptors? | 1. Specialized vascular sinuses |
| What are the examples of photoreceptors? | 1. Rod and cone cells of the retina |
| What are the types and examples of exteroceptors? | 1. General or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings. 2. Special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing and taste. |
| What are examples of proprioceptors? | 1. Golgi Tendon Organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium, & specialized receptors in joints. |
| What are the three groups of sensory receptor endings based on morphology? | 1. Free nerve endings 2. Epidermal nerve endings 3. Encapsulated nerve endings |
| What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings? | 1. Palisade nerve endings 2. Merkel call endings 3. Ruffini corpuscles or Ruffini nerve endings |
| What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings? | 1. Tactile corpuscles 2. Lamellated corpuscles 3. Neurotendinous endings 4. Type II slowly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors |
| Which of the encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors? | 1. Tactile corpuscles or Meissner's corpuscles 2. Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles |
| What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve? | 1. Peripheral sensory processes 2. Motor nerve fibers |
| Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion. | 1. Sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses 2. Motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses |
| Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves? | 1. CN III or Oculomotor nerve 2. CN IV or Trochlear nerve 3. CN VI or Abducens nerve 4. CN XII or Hypoglossal nerve |
| Muscles derived from branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves? | 1. CN V or Trigeminal nerve 2. CN VII or Facial nerve 3. CN IX or Glossopharyngeal nerve 4. CN X or Vagus nerve 5. CN XI or Spinal Accessory nerve |
| What are the ultimate cells of efferent pathways? | 1. Skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscle fibers 2. Glandular tissue 3. Specialized cell types |
| What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve system? | 1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic 3. Enteric |
| What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body? | 1. A prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion |
| What is the comparative length of the axons associated with the sympathetic efferent pathway? | 1. Preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short 2. Postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long |
| Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves? | 1. CN III or Oculomotor nerve 2. CN VII or Facial nerve 3. CN IX or Glossopharyngeal nerve 4. CN X or Vagus nerve |
| What is another name for the parasympathetic system based on locations of origin? | 1. Craniosacral system |
| What is the comparative length of the axons associated with parasympathetic efferent pathways? | 1. Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long 2. Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short |
| What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers? | 1. Chollinergic fibers 2. Acetylcholine |
| What specific types of efferent neurons are located in cranial nuclei of origin? | 1. Somatic motor neurons 2. Primary parasympathetic motor neurons |
| What is the name given to each region in the CNS where somatic & visceral efferent neuron cell bodies for spinal nerves are located? | 1. Somatic efferent neurons = ventral horn 2. Visceral efferent neurons = lateral horn, intermediolateral cell column, or Rexed lamina 7 |
| What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain? | 1. Somatic neurons 2. Branchial neurons 3. Primary parasympathetic neurons |
| What do somatic afferents monitor? | 1. Pain 2. Temperature 3. Light touch 4. Proprioception |
| What do special visceral afferents monitor? | 1. Olfaction 2. Taste |
| What forms the true olfactory nerve? | 1. Fila olfactoria |
| What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve? | 1. Olfactory glomerulus |
| What is the function of the cone cell? | 1. Provide vision in bright light conditions 2. Mediate color vision |
| What forms the optic nerve? | 1. Axons of ganglion cells |
| Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location? | 1. Lateral geniculate nucleus |
| What is the exit from the cranial vault for the third cranial nerve? | 1. Superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone |
| What is/are the target organs for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve? | 1. Medial rectus, Inferior rectus, Superior rectus, Inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball 2. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid |
| Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve? | 1. Short ciliary nerve |
| Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets? | 1. Sphincter Pupillae & Cillaris intrinsic eye muscles |
| Peripheral sensory processors conveyed in the third cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch? | 1. Opthalmic division of trigeminal |
| Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion? | 1. Gasserian ganglion 2. Semilunar ganglion 3. Trigeminal ganglion |
| Typically, primary afferent neurons of the third cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus? | 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus |
| Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons? | 1. Messencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve |
| Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side? | 1. Right side |
| What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve? | 1. It is the only cranial with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain 2. It is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate |
| The right fourth cranial will innervate which side target muscle? | 1. The right side muscle |
| Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)? | 1. Superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye |
| Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure? | 1. The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve |
| Typically, primary afferent neurons of the fourth cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus? | 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus |
| The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the ________? | 1. Great Sensory Nerve of the Face |
| What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve? | 1. Opthalmic nerve - Superior orbital fissure 2. Maxillary nerve - Foramen rotundum 3. Mandibular nerve - Foramen ovale |
| What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault? | 1. Opthalmic nerve - Orbit 2. Maxillary nerve - Pterygopalatine region 3. Mandibular nerve - Infratemporal region |
| The motor root of cranial nerve V will join which division? | 1. Mandibular nerve |
| Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location? | 1. Mainly in the principal sensory nucleus 2. Some in the trigeminal spinal nucleus |
| What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve? | 1. Temporalis 2. Masseter 3. Medial pterygoid 4. Lateral pterygoid 5. Mylohyoid 6. Anterior belly of the digastric 7. Tensor tympani 8. Tensor veli palatini |
| What are the names of the muscles of mastication? | 1. Temporalis 2. Masseter 3. Medial pterygoid 4. Lateral pterygoid |
| The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)? | 1. Lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye |
| Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the ________. | 1. Great motor nerve of the face |
| What are the names given to the afferent root of the seventh cranial nerve? | 1. The nervus intermedius 2. The nerve of Wrisberg |
| What classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve? | 1. Branchial efferent 2. Visceral efferent 3. Somatic afferent 4. Special visceral afferent |
| Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening? | 1. The stylomastoid foramen |
| Into what region of the head will the stylomastoid foramen open? | 1. The parotid region |
| Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles? | 1. Muscles of facial expression 2. Muscles of the scalp and auricle 3. The buccinator 4. Platysma 5. Stapedius 6. Stylohyoid 7. Posterior belly of the digastric |
| Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve? | 1. Nervus intermedius 2. Nerve of Wrisberg 3. Sensory root of facial nerve |
| Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland? | 1. Greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve. |
| The continuation of the great petrosal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa by what opening? | 1. Vidian canal or pterygoid canal of the sphenoid bone |
| What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland? | 1. Pterygopalatine ganglion 2. Sphenopalatine ganglion 3. Meckel's ganglion |
| The maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve enters the orbit via which opening? | 1. Inferior orbital fissure |
| Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands? | 1. Chorda tympani nerve |
| The chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening? | 1. The petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone |
| The chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve? | 1. Lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal |
| In general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus? | 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus |
| What is the nucleus of termination for central sensory processes from pseudounipolar neurons in the geniculate ganglion which are associated with taste? | 1. Gustatory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius |
| What makes up the vestibular apparatus? | 1. The saccule 2. The utricle 3. The semicircular ducts |
| In what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified? | 1. The macula of the saccule 2. The macula of the utricle 3. The crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts |
| What is unique to the receptor cels associated with equilibrium? | 1. Stereocilia & a single kinocilium |
| What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium? | 1. Scarpa's ganglion or the vestibular ganglion |
| Receptor cells associated with hearing are observed in what structure? | 1. The organ of Corti located in the cochlear duct or scala media |
| What is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing? | 1. Stereocilia |
| What ist he location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing? | 1. The spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion |
| The ninth cranial nerve has an apparent origin from what part of the brain? | 1. The medulla oblongata |
| What classifications of fibers are conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve? | 1. Branchial efferent fibers 2. Visceral efferent fibers 3. Somatic afferent fibers 4. Visceral afferent fibers 5. Special visceral afferent fibers |
| What is the name of the branchial motor nucleus of the ninth cranial nerve? | 1. Nucleus ambiguous |
| Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will innervate what target? | 1. Stylopharyngeus muscle |
| What is the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the ninth cranial nerve? | 1. Inferior salivatory nucleus |
| Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve? | 1. Tympanic nerve or nerve of Jacobson |
| Within the temporal bone, preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth cranial nerve will ultimately form what nerve? | 1. The lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve |
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