Geology Chapter Test
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Created by:
peppermint9012 on January 8, 2011
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | smallest identifiable part of an element |
| chemical properties | describes how a substance reacts with another substance |
| compound | made of two or more elements chemically combined |
| covalent bond | molecule formed by two atoms sharing electrons |
| ionic bond | molecule formed by atoms exchanging electrons |
| What type of compounds are most rock forming materials? | Silicates |
| Difference between orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar | orthoclasecleavage-meet at right angle; plagioclase cleavage-slightly off right |
| ion | atom that either lost or gained electrons in a charged condition |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element having different sums of protons and neutrons |
| crystal | a regular geometric solid with smooth surface |
| silicates | compound minerals made up of oxygen and silicon |
| minerals that contain large sums of iron | oxides and sulfides |
| smalles unit of a compound | molecule |
| What is the density of a mineral? | how compact the molecules are; mass/volume |
| Which physical properties are effected by the mineral's internal atomic arrangement? | density, solid, cleavage/fracture, hardness, crystal shape |
| Which physical properties of a mineral are not determined by the mineral's internal atomic arrangement? | luster, color, streak |
| Five characteristics of a mineral | it occurs naturally, its inorganic, its solid, has natural chemical compound, it always form the same crystal shape |
| The mineral calcite is a combination of a calcium, carbon, and oxygen. Calcite is an example of a: | compound and carbonate |
| Which would not be considered a mineral? quartz, diamond, mica, water | water |
| Sedimentary Rock | Type of rock formed from the deposits of rock, shells, or plant and animal remains |
| Examples of plutonic rocks | gabbro and granite |
| How are granite and obsidian similar? | rich in quartz, rich in feldspar, chemical composition |
| Contact (Thermal) metamorphism takes place when a solid rock comes in contact with | extreme heat |
| Regional (Dynamic) Metamorphism takes place when a solid rock is | under extreme pressure |
| Other than luster, what is the best test to use to tell a metallic mineral from a nonmetallic mineral? | Streak (metallic-dark streak nonmetallic-light streak) |
| Which mineral properties cannot be determined by inspection only? | cleavage/fracture, streak, reaction to hydrochloric acid, chemical make-up, magnetism, hardness |
| Which piece of equipment is required to test for streak? | porceline/streak tile |
| What is the difference between a streak plate and scratch plate? | scratch plate-helps determine hardness, clear glass streak plate-shows actual color, porceline |
| crystals most commonly found in... | igneous and metamorphic |
| gas bubbles most commonly found in... | igneous |
| ribbon like layers most commonly found in... | metamorphic |
| fossils most commonly found in... | sedimentary |
| glassy surface most commonly found in... | igneous |
| sand or pebbles most commonly found in... | sedimentary |
| Describe features of CONGLOMERATE | sand and pebbles |
| Describe features of LIMESTONE | fossils |
| Describe features of GNEISS | ribbon like layers |
| Describe features of MARBLE | crystals |
| Describe features of BASALT | gas bubbles, dark in color |
| Describe features of OBSIDIAN | glassy surface |
| What causes rocks to change? | heat and pressure |
| What kind of rock is formed from heat and pressure? | metamorphic |
| After a molten rock melts it must cool to form this kind of rock | igneous |
| sediment | fragments of a weathered or eroded rock |
| What two processes can form a sedimentary rock? | compacting and cementing |
| Magnetism | how a mineral behave with a magnet |
| Mineral | naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a crystal form and definite chemical composition |
| Adamantine | looks like a diamond |
| Organic rock and chemical rock are considered: (clastic or nonclastic) | nonclastic |
| Rocks formed by the compaction or cementation of clay, sand, and pebbles are considered: (clastic or nonclastic) | clastic |
| mineral families are based on | chemical make-up |
| physical properties | can be observed with the senses |
| chemical properties | can only be observed when a mineral is exposed to something other than itself |
| silicates | largest family, all members contain silicon and oxygen |
| Examples of silicates | plagioclase feldspar(breaks on slant), orthoclase feldspar(breaks on right angles), rose quartz, smokey quartz, amythest, augite(dark and dull), olivine(green), horneblende(dark and shiny), garnet, and mica |
| carbonates | contain carbon and oxygen |
| Examples of carbonates | calcite(reacts with hydrochloric acid), dolomite(common in VA), azurite(blue color), malachet(green color) |
| Oxides | most are ores, contain metal and oxygen |
| Examples of Oxides | magnetite(magnetic), cuprite, bauxite, hematite(red or black FeO₂) |
| Sulfides | contain sulfer and metal, reacts with HCl |
| Examples of Sulfides | Pyrite(FeS, fool's gold), Galena(PbS, very dense) |
| Sulfates | contain sulfer and oxygen, many medicines contain this mineral or derived from this family |
| Examples of Sulfates | Gypsum, Anhydrite |
| Which properties require light to be observed? | color, crystal shape, luster, fluorescence, phosphorescence |
| Fluorescence | ability for a mineral to glow under UV light |
| Phosphorescence | ability for mineral to glow |
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