ch#5 emergency pharmacology
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84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 pharmacology | a term given to the study of drugs and their actions, dosages, and side effects |
| drug | is any substance that when taken into the body changes one or more of the body functions |
| chemical name | is the first name given to any drug, it gives the exact description of chemical structure of the drug |
| generic | or nonproprietary name is assigned to a drug before it becomes officially listed |
| the official name | is the name under which the drug is listed in one of the official publications |
| trade name | or proprietary name is registed by the US patent office and has the official mark of the US patent office after its name |
| pure food and drug act | in 1906 it was passed, originally the law was enacted ti orevent the manufacture and trafficking of mislabled, poisonous, or harmful food and drugs |
| federal food, drug and cosmetic act | required that the safety if a drug be proved before it could be distributed to the public ammended from the pure food and drug act in 1938 |
| harrison narcotic act of 1914 | was the first federal legislation designed to stop drug addiction or dependence |
| narcotic control act of 1956 | was passed to ammend the harrison act and increase penalties for the laws violation |
| controlled substance act | which regulates the manufacture and distribution of drugs whose use may result in dependencey was passed in 1970 |
| the food and drug administration FDA | was established to review drug application and petitions for food additives and remove unsafe drugs from the market |
| the federal trade commission | regulates drug advertising |
| drug enforcement administration DEA | in 1970 was established to oversee the control of dangerous drugs. |
| publice heath service | of the US department of health and human services inspects and licenses establishments that manufacture drugs |
| teratigenic | causing abnormal development in the embryo |
| unsited states pharmacopeia USP | consists of two volumes of drug standards for the heath care provider |
| drug inserts | these are found in all drug packages. they supply detailed information about the drug |
| american medical association drug evaluation | this is a useful reference published by the american medical associations |
| compendium of drug therapy | this is published annually and is distributed to practicing physicians. it includes photos of the durgs and telephone number of major pharmaceutical companies and poison control centers |
| american hospital formulary service | this publucation is distibuted to practicing physicians and contrains concise information that is arranged according to drug classifications |
| polypharmacy | unwanted duplication of drugs |
| therapeutic index | comparison of the amount of medication that cause the therapeutic effect with the amount that causes toxic effects |
| sympathetic index | originates from the brain. messages are sent out to the organs by two sympathetic chains that leave the spinal cord at approximately the second lumbar vertebra |
| sympathetic receptors | the two different types of receptors in the sympathetic division are the alpha-adrenergic and beta-adregergic receptors |
| agonist | a drug, horomone, or other substance that triggers a responce in a specific body tissue or group of cells by binding to specific receptor moleules on or inside the cells, as if it were the bodily substance that normally binds there |
| parasympathetic division | originates from the brain and sends messages to affect organs innervated by the cranial nerves |
| acetylcholine | cross the synapse to reach a postsynaptic neuron of effector organ. it then occupies receptor sites and is broken down by the enzyme cholinesterase. this action last only lasts a few seconds at most |
| atropine | a drug commonly used in prehospital care for cardiovascular conditions it increases the heart rate by raising the discharge rate of the sinoatrial node and increases conduction throat the atrioventricular node |
| drug action | cellular change |
| drug effect | and a degree of physiological change |
| agonists | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a responce |
| antagonits | drugs that attach to a receptor to prevent a responce |
| partial agonists | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a responce but inhibit other responces |
| enteral | drugs that are administered along any portion of the gastrointestional tract. these include the oral, rectal, and naso/orogastric routes |
| oral route | with this route the dose is swallowed and is absorbed from the stomach or small intestine. |
| rectal route | with this route the drug is inserted into the rectum. it is absorbed through the mucus membranes of the rectum and a relatively manner. |
| naso/orogastric route | with this route the tube is place down the mouth or nose to the stomach, this tube can be used to place medication to the stomach |
| topical routes | also called transdermal is a topical medication applied directly to the skin where they are absorbed slowly. common medications include nitroglycerin, hormones, and analgesics |
| sublingual route | with this route the medication is placed under the patients tongue where it is dissolved by the saliva in the mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the vascular oral mucosa |
| buccal route | with this route the medication is dissolved between the cheek and gum and absorbed across the mucous membrane |
| eye (occular) route | route of administration of a medication to the eye throught the mucus membranes |
| nasal route | through the nostrils and onto the nasal mucosa |
| ear (aural) route | this is the delivery of a small amount of sterile medicated solution into the ear. very low doses of this medication is required |
| parenteral route | means delivering a medication through any route other than the alimentary canal. |
| intradermal route | drug is being injected into the dermis |
| subcutaneous | this is the injection of a medication into the loose connective tissue between the dermis of the skin and muscle layer. it is accomplished by positoning the needle and syringe at a 45 degree angle to the skin |
| intramuscular route | with this route small quantities of a drug are injected into a muscle. |
| intravenous route IV | with this route medication is injected into the body through a vein . iv drugs have the quickest action because they enter the bloodstream immediately |
| intraosseous | administration of medication directly into the bone marrow of a long bone or sternum |
| distribution | involves the transport of an absorbed drug to its target size |
| biotransformation | is a series of chemical alterations of a drug that occur within the body as by enzymatic activity. the primary organ used for this process is the liver |
| drug tolerance | the increased metabolism may eventually lead to this |
| excretion | eliminates the waste products of drug metabolism from the body, the kidneys excrete most drugs. |
| cummulative effect | unless the drug is excreted before a repeat dose is given this can occur. |
| pharmacodynamics | is the study of the effects of drugs on the body |
| side effect | is any effect that is unintended |
| synergism | two drugs working together |
| potentiation | one drug prolonging or multipling the effect of another drug |
| antoagonist | a drug that prevents receptor stimulation. |
| hypersensitivity | also known as a drug allergy. the body must build this responce |
| idiosyncratic reaction | an abnormal or unexpected reaction to a drug peculiar to a certain patient....this is not an allergy |
| tolerance | an individuals capacity to endure medications |
| drug allergy | a reaction occuring in a person who has been previously exposed to the drug and has developed antibodies. |
| delayed reaction | is a reaction to an anti syrum |
| anaphylactic reaction | an acute systemic type of allergic reaction. it occurs when a person has become sensitized |
| cross-tolerance | tolerance through continued use of a drug that increases tolerance to other drugs in the same class |
| drug dependence | a physical or psychological need to use a drug or other substance regularly, despite the fact that it is likely to have a damaging effect. |
| tachyphylaxis | rapid development of tolerance |
| cumulative effect | occurs when effects become successively larger, stronger, or more effective. |
| drug toxicity | toxicity resulting from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended for external use, or buildup of the drug in the blood as a result of imapaired metabolism or excretion |
| contraindications | when the drug should be avoided and why? |
| pharmacokinetics | the movement of drugs in the body as they are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted is the study |
| fight or flight | the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation is an increased heart rate, bronchiole dilation, and increased metabolism and strength |
| obsorption | usually takes place in the mouth, dermal layers of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, blood vessels in the muscles, lining of the stomach and small intestines, or rectum |
| autonomic nervous system | many of the drugs used in the field of emergency medical services affect tissues and organs that receive |
| percutaneous | applied to the skin or mucus membranes |
| local effect | is limited to where the it is administered |
| physicians desk reference PDR | is widely used as a reference fir drugs in current use |
| pulmonary route | allow for introduction of a drug through the system. this can be done by either delivering the medication in an aerosol form that the patient inhales or by injecting the drug through the endotracheal tube |
| systemic effect | pertaining to the whole body rather than one part |
| therapeutic effect | is the drugs desired effect and the reason the drug is prescribed |
| trade name | is registered by the US patent office and has the official mark of the US patent office after its name |
| transdermal | topical medications are applied directly to the skin where they are absorbed slowly |
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