SJS science 7 ch 4.1 and 5 vocab
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Geology | The study of the planet Earth, its structure and composition, and how it has changed over time |
| Inner Core | Earth's innermost layer, composed of solid iron and nickel |
| Outer Core | Earth's 3rd layer, composed of liquid iron and nickel |
| Mantle | 2nd layer of Earth's crust, composed mostly of compounds rick in iron, silicon, and magnesium |
| Crust | Earth's outermost layer, thin, rigid, solid, made of rocks, include Earth's surface |
| Lithosphere | Made up of the crust and the uppermost protion of the mantle |
| Asthenosphere | The thin, slushlike layer of the mantle, below lithosphere |
| Magnetic Field | The magnetic force that surrounds Earth's atmosphere |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means |
| Atomic number | The numbers of protons in an atom's nucleus, equal to the number of electrons in the atom's electron cloud |
| Isotopes | Atoms of an element that have different masses |
| Mass number | The sum of the protons and nuetrons in the particular isotope |
| Compound | A subtance that contains atoms of two or more elements that are chemically combined |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Mineral | Has the following characteristics: 1. occurs naturally 2. it is solid 3. it has a definite chemical composition 4. its atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern 5. it is inorganic |
| Crystal | A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called crystal faces |
| Silicates | Minerals that are compounds including silicon and oxygen |
| Silica tetrahedron | Consists of four oxygen atoms packed closely around a silicon atom |
| Cleavage | A mineral's tendency to split along definite planes |
| Rock-forming minerals | The minerals that make up most of rocks in Earth's crust |
| Luster | The way the mineral shines in light, categorized into metallic, submetallic, nonmetallic (earthy, pearly, vitreous) |
| Streak | The color of a mineral's powder |
| Fracture | When minerals break in directions other than along the cleavage, they exhibit -------- |
| Specific gravity | The ratio of a mineral's mass to the mass of an equal volume of water |
| Carbonate | A mineral of negatively charged carbonate ions bonded to positive metal ions |
| Oxide | A mineral consisting of a metal element combined with oxygen |
| Sulfide | A mineral consisting of a metal element combining with sulfur |
| Hardness | Test of how hard the mineral is, fingernail=<2.5, penny=<2.5-3.5, nail=3.5-5, glass=5-7, quartz=>7 |
| Moh's scale | The hardness scale |
| Ion | A charged atom that has either lost or gained proton(s) |
| Metal | An element that loses electrons easily to form positive ions |
| Nonmetal | An element that gains electrons easily to form a negative ion |
| Si | The symbol for silicon |
| O | The symbol for oxygen |
| Na | The symbol for sodium |
| Cl | The symbol for chlorine |
| Al | The symbol for aluminum |
| K | The symbol for potassium |
| Mg | The symbol for magnesium |
| Fe | The symbol for iron |
| Ca | The symbol for calcium |
| Covalent bonds | The type of bond caused by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Ionic bonds | The type of bonds that are held together by the force of electrical attraction between atoms that have lost or gained electrons |
| Metallic bonds | The type of bonds that occur when there is a sea of electrons between many atoms, cause high conductivity |
| Compound | The elements in a -------- can only be seperated by chemical means |
| Mixture | The elements in a ------- can be seperated by physical means |
| Quartz | Mineral that scratches glass (most common) |
| Quartz | Mineral with a conchoidal fracture (most common) |
| Feldspar | 2 good cleavages (most common), comes in K-spar and Labradorite |
| K-spar | Type of Feldspar which is often salmon pink |
| Labradorite | Type of Feldspar which is iridescent |
| Mica | Type of mineral that has sheets that flake off along one excellent plane |
| Ulexite | Type of mineral that is called the 'TV stone' |
| Iceland spar calcite | Type of calcite that has double refraction and is rhombic |
| Lodestone | Type of mineral that is highly magnetic |
| Hematite | Type of mineral that has a red streak |
| Flourite | Type of mineral which is flourescent |
| Olivine | Type of mineral which is green and granular |
| Calcite | Type of mineral which fizzes when in contact with HCI |
| Galena | Type of mineral with a very high specific gravity |
| Graphite | Type of mineral that writes on paper |
| Halite | Type of mineral that is salty to taste, is cubic |
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