Unit 8: Gilded Ages
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Charissavp on January 12, 2011
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74 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ulysses Simpson Grant | Eighteenth President (1868) -wins Battle of Shiloh (but costly in casualties) -his strategy: "war of attrition" -in charge of Wilderness Campaign -Northern general, helped gain victory for the union -successful victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 -victories opened a door for the Union to the rest of the south -given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg -made General-in-Chief after several more victories near Chattanooga -final victory, defeated General Robert E. Lee |
| bloody shirt | Decades after the Civil war, republicans accused of "waving the bloody shirt" reminding voters of southern seccession and urging them to vote for the party of the union and Lincoln. |
| Boss Tweed | William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. |
| Credit Mobiler | 1872 bribe congressmen One of the scandals, wanted to build the transcontential railroad but had many struggles because it was hard to build a railroad through mountains and they had indians to worry about. The scnadal was that he hired himself at highly inflated prices and took advantage of the irish workers. |
| Whiskey Ring | During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey. In 1875 Whiskey manufacturers had to pay a heavy excise tax. Most avoided the tax, and soon tax collectors came to get their money. The collectors were bribed by the distillers. This had robbed the treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. The scandal reached as high as the personal secretary to President Grant. |
| Spoils System | the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power |
| Compromise of 1877 | Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South. |
| Sharecropping | a system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. |
| Tenant Farming | system of farming where farmers rented land from a landowner, and were allowed to work the land. |
| Jim Crow Laws | The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965. |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | 1896, (1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 | United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. |
| Pendleton Act 1883 | reform passed by Congress that restricted the spoils system; passed in part in reaction to assassination of President Garfield by a disappointed office seeker in 1881, it established the U.S. Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for hiring in government jobs. |
| Grover Cleveland | 1885-1889, Democrat, "Grover the Good", issue - civil service reform, tariff, monopolies, against James G. Blaine "The Plumed Knight" |
| Laissez-Faire | idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices |
| Union Pacific Railroad | A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH |
| Westinghouse brake | efficient and safe stopping method for trains |
| The Grange | It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses |
| Wabash Case 1886 | a United States Supreme Court case that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
| Alexander Graham Bell | United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) |
| Thomas A. Edison | One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" |
| Vertical integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Used by Andrew Carnegie. |
| Horizontal Integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller |
| The Trust | In 1882, this new business organization was designed by Standard Oil. All shares of stock from participating companies were held for the company owners by a small number of trustees. The trustees established prices and divided markets, thus eliminating competition and financially disastrous price wars among the participating companies. Owners profited from better earnings, stockholders profited from better dividends, and trustees profited from the fees they collected. Before long, many industires adopted this form of business organization. But their growing power and influence led newspapers, politicians, and the public to increasingly attack these business organizations, especially Standard Oil. |
| J.P. Morgan | Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" |
| Bessemer Process | an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities |
| John D. Rockefeller | in 1870 he founded the Standard Oil. Used horizontal integration to buy out all of his competition. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" |
| Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. |
| Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 | first federal action against monopolies; the law gave government power to regulate combinations "in restraint of trade." Until the early 1900s, however, this power was used more often against labor unions than against trusts. |
| National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers. First large scale national of labors was the national labor union formed in 1866. In 1868 the NLU persuaded congress to legalize an 8 hour day for government workers. Some refused to admit African Americans as members in their union. |
| Knights of Labor | Formed 1869, lead by Terence V. Powderly. National labor union that was open to nearly all workers. It was a secret society. They were open to all, therefore more equal than others, but more importantly, it gave them a large population, which led them to gain an 8 hour day after many strikes. |
| Haymarket Square Riot | 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. |
| American Federation of Labor | 1886 Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor |
| Injunction | (law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity (striking) |
| Yellow Dog Contracts | A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company. |
| Collective Bargaining | process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract |
| Tenements | Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded. |
| New Immigration | The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust from Americans. |
| Jane Adams | Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. |
| Florence Kelley | An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. |
| Booker T. Washington | Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." |
| W.E.B. DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination. He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP. |
| Morrill Act 1862 | Law that provided a grant of public lands to the states for support of education, i.e., land-grant colleges, which often became state universities that provided services like military training. |
| Emily Dickinson | United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems (1830-1886). simple words of love, life, nature and death sometimes with deep meanings written during her social and her reclusive years |
| Mark Twain | United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) |
| Frank Norris | Wrote the book, The Octopus, in 1901. He exposed how the profits of farmers were attacked by scores of businesses and people, like the Commissions Merchant, the Elevator Combine, the mixing house ring, the bank, the ware house man, the laboring man, and above all, the railroad. He argued that laws needed to be made to help out farmers. |
| National American Women Suffrage Association | organized in 1890 by elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony; thousands of young, college-educated women campaigned door-to-door, held impromptu rallies, and pressured state legislatures for women's rights. |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. |
| Ida B. Wells | the lynching of blacks outraged her, an African American journalist. In her newspaper, Free Speech, Wells urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life. |
| Anti-Saloon League | U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in the late 1890's as the Ohio Anti-Saloon League at Oberlin, Ohio by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence. |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851 | Provided Central Plains land to Native Americans in exchange for promise not to attack settlers |
| Great Sioux Reservation | In the 1860s, the federal government herded the Indians into smaller confines;in Dakota Territory |
| Colonel J.M. Chivington | Ordered the militia to massacre about 400 Indians in cold blood at Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864 who posed no threat (the Chivington Massacre). |
| Fetterman Massacre | In 1866 a Sioux war party attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail to the Montana goldfields ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman's command of eight-one soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains; The Indians left not a single survivor and grotesquely mutilated the corpses(retaliation for Sand Creek) |
| Sitting Bull | a chief of the Sioux -took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890) |
| Custer's Last Stand | 1876 when there was a gold rush in the reservations and the Sioux tribe lead by chief crazy horse and chief Sitting Bull tried to hold back the rush and George A. Custer and his troops got trapped, his 264 troops were all killed. Took Place at the Little Big Horn. |
| Nez Perce | in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and Indian nation |
| Geronimo | Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona. |
| Ghost Dance | Spiritual revival in 1890 by the Sioux Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee. Performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. |
| Battle of Wounded Knee | 1890 - The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. |
| Dawes Severalty Act 1887 | Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society. Dawes' goal was to create independent farmers out of Indians -- give them land and the tools for citizenship. |
| Indian Reorganization Act 1934 | Act which secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. Owing to this Act and to other actions of federal courts and the government, over two million acres of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage of the act. |
| 100th meridian | imaginary line from the Dakotas to Texas dividing the East and the West. "Rain line" |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | Frontier thesis: (American historian) humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. |
| National Grange | Formed (leader Oliver H. Kelley) by farmers in 1867 to help boost farm profits and reduce railroad shipping rates for grain. The group helped farmers set up cooperatives, built cooperative warehouses to store grain cheaply (while waiting for a better selling price), and urged farmers to use their vote to get things done for them. |
| Farmers' Alliance | A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy through cooperative buying and selling. Spread through South and Plains. |
| Greenback Labor Party | 1887 elect 14 member's of congress -ran General James B. Weaver in 1880 election -inflation appeal and improving labor conditions |
| Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies |
| Pullman Strike 1894 | in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing, nonviolent strike, President Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery. |
| Election of 1896 | William McKinley (R) backed by Marcus Alonzo Hanna and William Jennings Bryan (D and Populist). Major Issues: laborers, farmers, and money "silver-standard". |
| Coxey's Army | 1894 - Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief($500 mil to be issued= inflation). Government arrested the leaders for walking on the grass and broke up the march in Washington. |
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