Bio wB - Chapter 9
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Aerobic | Describes a process that requires oxygen. |
| Anaerobic | Describes a process that does not require oxygen. |
| ATP | Adenosine tri-phosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
| Chemical Bonds | The location where organisms store energy. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that are able to perform photosynthesis and make organic compounds. |
| Metabolism | Using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. |
| Cellular Respiration | The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates. |
| Catalyst | Enzymes that assist in chemical reactions without being used up. |
| Decomposing ATP | ATP --> ADP + P + energy |
| ATP Synthase | An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane. |
| Chloroplasts | An organelle that converts light energy into chemical energy. |
| Stroma | The space inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast. |
| Thylakoids | A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis. |
| First stage of photosynthesis | Light waves hit stacks of thylakoids and the light energy is used to make ATP and NADPH. |
| Pigment | A substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color by absorbing different wavelengths of lights. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis. |
| Carotenoids | A plant pigment that absorbs blue and green light and reflects yellow, orange, and red light. |
| Reaction Center | A region in a chlorophyll molecule where light energy causes the electrons to become "excited" and to move to a higher energy level. |
| Water Splitting | During the electron transport chain of photosynthesis an enzyme splits water and the electrons from they hydrogen atoms are used to pump H⁺ ions into the thylakoid. The remaining oxygen atoms combine to form O₂ gas and are released. |
| Hydrogen Ion Pump | A protein acts as a membrane pump and allows H⁺ ions into the thylakoid with the help of energy from electrons. |
| Making NADPH | Excited electrons combine with H⁺ ions and NADP⁺ to form NADPH in the electron transport chain. |
| Calvin Cycle | A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP an NADPH. |
| Final Stage of Photosynthesis | ATP and NADPH are used to produce energy-storing sugar molecules from the carbon in carbon dioxide. |
| Carbon Fixation | The use of carbon dioxide to make organic compounds. |
| Dark Reactions | The reactions that fix carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. |
| Factors that affect photosynthesis | Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. |
| Products of photosynthesis | Glucose and oxygen. |
| Glycolysis | The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the forms of ATP. |
| First stage of cellular respiration | Glucose is broken down to 2 pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. |
| Second stage of cellular respiration | Aerobic Respiration, which consists of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. |
| Krebs Cycle | A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide, water, and electron carriers. |
| Products of the Krebs Cycle | The total yield of energy-storing products is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH₂. |
| Electron Transport Chain | The second stage of aerobic respiration that occurs in the inner membranes of the mitochondria. Electrons pass through a series of molecules. |
| Products of the Electron Transport Chain | Up to 34 ATP and water molecules. |
| Fermentation | The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen. Allows glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in anaerobic conditions. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon compound and then ethanol. |
| Anaerobic Processes | Fermentation and glycolysis. |
| Aerobic Processes | Aerobic respiration, including the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. |
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