Bio wB - Chapter 11
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Reproduction | The process of creating offspring. |
| Asexual Reproduction | A single parent passes a complete copy of its genetic information to each of its offspring. |
| Binary Fission | Prokaryotes reproduce asexually. |
| Fragmentation | A kind of reproduction in which the body breaks into several pieces. |
| Budding | New individuals split off from existing ones. |
| Gamete | A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote. |
| Zygote | The cell that results from the fusion of gametes. |
| Diploid | A cell that contains to haploid sets of chromosomes. |
| Haploid | Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes. |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. |
| Sexual Reproduction | Two parents give genetic material to produce offspring that are genetically different from their parents. |
| Germ Cells | Cells that are specialized for sexual reproduction. |
| Somatic cells | All other body cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction. |
| Advantages of Sexual Reproduction | Allows organisms to produce many offspring in a short period of time and produces a genetically diverse population. |
| Chromosome Number | Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. |
| Autosomes | Chromosomes with genes that do not determine the sex of an individuals. |
| Sex Chromosomes | Chromosomes with genes that determine the sex of an individual. |
| Meiosis | A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores). |
| Crossing Over | The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
| Meiosis I | Homologous chromosomes are separated. |
| Meiosis II | The sister chromatids of each homologue are separated. |
| Prophase I | Chromosomes condense. The nuclear envelope breaks down. |
| Metaphase I | Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the cell's equator. |
| Anaphase I | Homologous chromosomes move to the cell's opposite poles. |
| Telophase I | Chromosomes gather at the poles. The cytoplasm divides. |
| Prophase II | A new spindle forms around the chromosomes. |
| Metaphase II | Chromosomes line up at the equators. |
| Anaphase II | Centromeres divide, and chromatids move to opposite poles. |
| Telophase II | A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cells divide. |
| Result of meiosis | Four haploid cells. |
| Mitosis vs Meiosis | Makes new cells that are used during growth, development, repair, and asexual reproduction vs makes cells that enable an organism to reproduce sexually and happens only in reproductive structures. |
| Tetrad | A pair of homologous chromosomes. |
| Genetic Variation | As a result of crossing-over, independent assortment, and random fertilization genes are rearranged. |
| Independent Assortment | The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes during metaphase I of meiosis. |
| Random Fertilization | The zygote that forms is made by the random joining of two gametes. |
| Life Cycle | All of the events in the growth and development of an organism until the organism reaches sexual maturity. |
| Diploid life cycle | Meiosis in germ cells of a multicellular diploid organism results in the formation of haploid gametes that join to form a diploid zygote. |
| Sperm | The male gamete. |
| Ovum | A mature egg cell. |
| Polar Body | A cell that is very small and has a small amount of cytoplasm. |
| Haploid life cycle | Meiosis in a diploid zygote results in the formation of the first cell of a multicellular haploid individual. |
| Alternations of generations | A life cycle that alternates between a haploid phase and a diploid phase. |
| Sporophyte | The multicellular diploid phase in the life cycle of plants. |
| Gametophyte | The haploid phase that produces gametes by mitosis in plants. |
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