| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 1989 | This is known as the Year of Miracles |
| Poland | this country leads the yr. of miracles |
| Edward Gierek | Polish Communist who borrowed heavily from Western nations to rebuild the economy which simply led to Poland's great debts |
| Solidarity | the workers union that turned into a political party |
| Lech Walesa | leader of the polish Solidarity party who was arrested and then later made the polish prez |
| the repeal of the Brezhnev Doctrine | this caused the opening up of negotiations between the Polish gov't and Solidarity |
| Aleksander Kwanieuski (sp?) | former commy who defeated Walesa in polish presidential elections because of the severe unemployment and popular discontent w/ Walesa |
| Communism with a face lift | the name of Kadar's economic reforms |
| Nagy | Hungarian Communist leader praised ________'s popular revolution after the repeal of the brezhnev doctrine |
| Democratic Forum | right-of-center highly patriotic party that created a new gov't that committed Hungary to democracy and free market economy who crushed the communists in 1990 |
| Vaclav Havel | led a writers rebellion and succeeded Husak and helped bring Czechoslovakian communism down granted amnesty to 300,000 prisoners |
| January 1, 1993 | Czechoslovakia split into 2 countries- Czech republic and Slovakia |
| December 1989 | Romanian dictator went from complete control of his country to uprisings to the betrayal of his army to his trial to his and his wife's execution |
| The reunification of Germany | The biggest miracle of 1989 |
| Erich Honeker | East German hardliner who used the secret police as his personal army ruled w/ iron fist for 18 yrs. |
| willy brandt | West German Social Democratic Chancellor who introduced ostpolitik |
| Ostpolitik | "opening towards the east" won the noble peace prize and forced the us into detente also |
| Basic Treaty | west and east Germany officially recognized each other and decided to be good neighbors; part of ostpolitik |
| Helmut Kohl | Christian democratic union; b/c of an economic decline he was about to lose power but the euphoria of the unification of germany extended his administration (as first prez of reunited germany) |
| the Berlin wall fell | signified the end of cold war divisions |
| October 3, 1990 | the political reunification of Germany!!! |
| ABM Treaty | most important Detente treaty in which the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit antiballistic missiles |
| SALT I | nothing was actually accomplished in this treaty besides the fact that it was the first arms treaty |
| Vietnam War | 1960s event that forced Detente |
| Watergate | scandal that forced Nixon to resign and the end of Detente |
| Illegitimate Prez | Ford b/c was never elected to a presidential office |
| Helsinki Accords | 1975 recognised European borders and promised human rights but the Soviet Union never intended to follow through |
| "Washington Outsider" | Carter- he was a Georgian governor |
| Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan | showed the weakness of the Soviet Union |
| Iran Crisis | led to the end of Carter's presidency b/c he led by morals |
| SALT II | significant disarmament treaty that could have been a major part of Detente but b/c of Afghanistan Carter pulled out of Senate |
| SDI | "Star Wars" shield intened to stop all missiles that was really a fantasy intended to escalate the war |
| INF | 1st significant disarmament treaty that was approved by the Senate |
| neo-conservative view of Regan | he is AWESOME b/c he ended the Cold War w/ escalation |
| neo-liberal view of Regan | he STINKS b/c he slashed domestic spending by the $ spent escalating the Cold War |
| "no experimentation" | Brezhnev's motto which = no reforms |
| Brezhnev's economic problems | 1. command economy 2. agricultural problems (3. workers didn't work or care) |
| KGB | Soviet secret police |
| Andropov | leader of KGB too old and sick to reform supported Gorbachev |
| "New Thinking" | Gorbachev's willingness to reevaluate the way Soviet foreign policy had always been; helped bring an end to the Cold War |
| 1986 speech | at the 27th Congress in which Gorbachev declared that radical reforms, new technology, new attitudes and CHANGE are needed |
| Perestroika | "restructuring" @ first just reforming the economy then when it was realized that the economy political and social systems were too closely tied together so he ended up reforming them all |
| Glasnost | "openness" Gorbachev encouraged the people to have and voice their own opinons about the way the country was run |
| nationalism in the Soviet Union | many different ethnicities in the Soviet union= tensions and people defended their own ethnicity |
| Gorbachev and Afghanistan | wanted pro-Soviet regime but it hardened relationships b/t the USSR and the US and it cost too much $ so Gorbachev had to w/draw showing weakness |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | it was repealed in 1989 and this brought about the year of miracles |
| Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania | The Baltic states |
| the Baltic states | seceded from the USSR in 1990 (they were part of the USSR and not Soviet satellites) |
| Boris Yeltsin | when the hardliners arrested Gorbachev and tried to seize power he almost single handedly quashed the revolt |
| first prez of Russia | Boris Yeltsin |
| Dec 25, 1991 the soviet Union was dismantled | this brought an end to the Cold War w/ no shots fired |
| Vladimir Putin | current Russian prez ex member of KGB |
| CIS | group formed to prevent the forming power vacuums |
| Pravda | "the truth" Soviet newspaper |
| Chechnya | wanted to separate but the Soviet Union would not allow it but fighting lasted to 2000 and it cost the Soviet Union lots of $ and resources |
| rhetoric | persuasive speech or writing: speech or writing that communicates its point persuasively "the evil empire" "tear down this wall" |
| Yugoslavia | multinational empire consists of 6 republics and 2 autonomous provinces |
| Tito | nonserbian Yugoslav leader led a communist country that was not soviet influenced |
| separatist | ethnic group who wants to separate from the state |
| Milosevic | filled the vacuum after the failure of a strong leader to rise after Tito |
| Serbian nationalism | the reason why Milosevic remained in power |
| June 1991 | Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from Yugoslavia |
| Croatia | september 1991 the yugoslavian army initiated a full assault on this country in which they gained 1/3 of the property by brutal force |
| "ethnic cleaning" | Milosevic's way of ensuring Serbian authority in Yugoslavia and quashing the movements for independence |
| Clinton | advocated the NATO air strikes on the Serbian army |
| Dayton Accords | all sides of the Bosnian war met in Ohio and eventually agreed to split Bosnia b/t the Serbs and Muslim Croats |
| Autonomous | essentially independent |
| ethnic Albanians | Kosovos inhabitants |
| Kosovo | Serbs believed it to be sacred b/c that is where they were beaten by the ottoman turks |
| KLA | a liberation army that campaigned in against Serbian rule in Kosovo used terrorism |
| European Union | EC changed to the _______ |
| the euro | in 1999 it was adopted as the official currency of the European Union |
| 26+6= | 1 united Ireland |
| IRA | Irish terrorist group aimed at kicking the British off their island |
| Thatcher | British labour party prime minister who broke the labor unions |
| Thatcherism | the "iron lady's" economic policies which improved the economy in some parts of the country but greatly worsened them in others and cut education |
| foreign policy | thatcher's policy that was similar to Regan's |
| Falklands war | Argentina tried to seize British colonial islands but the British responded w/ such force that they devastated the Argentian army |
| Mitterand | french leader socialist |
| Chirac | French leader conservative |
| birthrates | began to sink dramatically with the rise of the feminist movement |
| women of western nations | were concerned about economic, political, and sexual freedom |
| women of developing nations | catholic- were concerned about their families and family values, sickness, hunger, poverty etc. |
| the UN | the women of the developing and developed nations met here where they basically agreed to disagree |
| environmental and peace movements | after women had gained sexual "freedom" they began to think whats next and they began to join the _________________________ |
| the charles martel club | a terrorist group in France that used terrorism to bring authoritative regimes |
| the red brigades | In italy used terrorism to bring down capitalism |
| Al Queda | led by bin laden- bombed US embassies, attacked the USS COLE, and 9.11 |
| guest workers | faced many problems such as poor social benefits, poor living conditions, and persecution |
| European racist parties | were created b/c of the bitterness of the hard working foreigners taking the jobs of the lazy natives |
| Charter 77 | czech dissident group that blamed Communism for damages on the environment |
| Chernobyl | nuclear disaster that made people more aware of environmental issues |
| NGO | non gov't org. -the UnitedWay for example |
| Jackson Pollock | made drip paintings which was the last stage of modern art |
| Andy Warhol | pop artist who was originally an advertisement artist |
| Serialism and neo-classism | forms of modern music |
| theater of the absurd | dramas who had different ideologies than the fixed ideology of the times and was the last stage of modern literature |
| Sartre | wrote EXISTENTIALISM and said that God is dead and there is no hope or future |
| Camus | said i neither believe in God nor am i an atheist |
| Karl Rahner | tried to fit mideveal Catholicism in w/ the times |
| John XXIII | created Vatican II |
| Vatican II | a bunch of catholic theologians got together and pondered |
| John Paul II | greatly strengthened the church was the 1st italian pope for many yrs. and focused on the youth |
| Karl Barth | said that w/o God's grace we can not know religious truth b/c we live in a fallen world |
| the cold war | greatly sped up the technological and scientific developement of western nations |
Combine with other sets
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