Chapter 4
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Chromosome | A structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material |
| Chromatids | Duplicated chromosomes coil tightly into two thick identical strands |
| Gamete | Sex cell |
| Budding | A type of asexual reproduction. An organism grows off of another organism and when big enough breaks off to create a completely identical organism |
| Regeneration | In some organisms this is possible, not all. It is to regrow body parts, in some cases when organisms break into pieces a whole new organism can grow from each piece. ICK!! |
| Interphase | When the chromosome duplicates |
| Diploid | Has a pair |
| Haploid | Single |
| Sperm | A male sex cell found in the testies |
| Egg | A female sex cell found in the ovaries |
| Fertilization | The joining of a sperm and egg |
| Zygote | The cell formed from the outcome of Fertilization |
| DNA | A coding that contains information that controls all of the cell's activites |
| RNA | The coding for making proteins are carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes by it |
| Transcription | To communicate with ribosomes, DNA makes a copy of one side of the "ladder" that a ribosome can read (this is called RNA). This single strand is sent through the ribosome to be read and translated into chains of amino acids (i.e. proteins). |
| Translation | A ribosome reads the sequence of codons and constructs proteins by linking amino acids together, one by one, according to the genetic code |
| Codon | every three bases on a gene is a "code" that represents one amino acid. The order of these codes determine the order in which amino acids will be put together, which determines what kind of protein will be made |
| Phosphate | Helps bond nitrogenous bases, and is backbone of DNA |
| Protein | large organic molecule made of amino acid bases |
| Sugar | Deoxyribose in backbone |
| Adenine | Nitrogenous base, bonds with Thymine |
| Thymine | NItrogenous base, bonds with Adenine |
| Guanine | Nitrogenous base, bonds with Cytosine |
| Cytosine | Nitrogenous base, bonds with Guanine |
| Uracil | Nitrogenous base in RNA, replaces Thymine, bonds with Adenine |
| Mutations | Insertion - adding an extra nitrogenous base Deletion - taking away a nitrogenous base Substitution - an incorrect nitrogenous base replaces the correct one |
| Homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that code for the same thing, but are not completely identical |
| Cytokinesis | The end of Telophase when the cell splits to become two new cells |
| Prophase | (Mitosis) Chromatid pairs are visible under microscope and spindle fibers begin to form. Nucleus membrane disintegrates |
| Metaphase | (Mitosis) Chromatid pairs line up in the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromatid |
| Anaphase | (Mitosis) Chromatids separate |
| Telophase | (Mitosis) Cytoplasm begins to split |
| Prophase | (Meiosis 1) spindle fibers form and homologous chromosomes pair up |
| Metaphase | (Meiosis 1) Homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome |
| Anaphase | (Meiosis 1) Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends |
| Telophase | (Meiosis 1) Cytoplasm begins to split |
| Prophase | (Meiosis 2) Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes |
| Metaphase | (Meiosis 2) Attached to the spindle fibers already, the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | (Meiosis 2) Chromatids are pulled to opposite ends |
| Telophase | (Meiosis 2) 1 unduplicated chromosome in each Gamete |
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