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Chromosome A structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material Chromatids Duplicated chromosomes coil tightly into two thick identical strands Gamete Sex cell Budding A type of asexual reproduction. An organism grows off of another organism and when big enough breaks off to create a completely identical organism Regeneration In some organisms this is possible, not all. It is to regrow body parts, in some cases when organisms break into pieces a whole new organism can grow from each piece. ICK!! Interphase When the chromosome duplicates Diploid Has a pair Haploid Single Sperm A male sex cell found in the testies Egg A female sex cell found in the ovaries Fertilization The joining of a sperm and egg Zygote The cell formed from the outcome of Fertilization DNA A coding that contains information that controls all of the cell's activites RNA The coding for making proteins are carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes by it Transcription To communicate with ribosomes, DNA makes a copy of one side of the "ladder" that a ribosome can read (this is called RNA). This single strand is sent through the ribosome to be read and translated into chains of amino acids (i.e. proteins). Translation A ribosome reads the sequence of codons and constructs proteins by linking amino acids together, one by one, according to the genetic code Codon every three bases on a gene is a "code" that represents one amino acid. The order of these codes determine the order in which amino acids will be put together, which determines what kind of protein will be made Phosphate Helps bond nitrogenous bases, and is backbone of DNA Protein large organic molecule made of amino acid bases Sugar Deoxyribose in backbone Adenine Nitrogenous base, bonds with Thymine Thymine NItrogenous base, bonds with Adenine Guanine Nitrogenous base, bonds with Cytosine Cytosine Nitrogenous base, bonds with Guanine Uracil Nitrogenous base in RNA, replaces Thymine, bonds with Adenine Mutations Insertion - adding an extra nitrogenous base Deletion - taking away a nitrogenous base Substitution - an incorrect nitrogenous base replaces the correct one Homologous chromosomes Chromosomes that code for the same thing, but are not completely identical Cytokinesis The end of Telophase when the cell splits to become two new cells Prophase (Mitosis) Chromatid pairs are visible under microscope and spindle fibers begin to form. Nucleus membrane disintegrates Metaphase (Mitosis) Chromatid pairs line up in the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromatid Anaphase (Mitosis) Chromatids separate Telophase (Mitosis) Cytoplasm begins to split Prophase (Meiosis 1) spindle fibers form and homologous chromosomes pair up Metaphase (Meiosis 1) Homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome Anaphase (Meiosis 1) Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends Telophase (Meiosis 1) Cytoplasm begins to split Prophase (Meiosis 2) Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Metaphase (Meiosis 2) Attached to the spindle fibers already, the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell Anaphase (Meiosis 2) Chromatids are pulled to opposite ends Telophase (Meiosis 2) 1 unduplicated chromosome in each Gamete