American Studies Chapter 26: The Cold War, Dates Numbers People & Places
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173 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 1933 | US finally recognized the legal existence of the Soviet Union in [YEAR] |
| February 1945 | Roosevelt met with Stalin and Churchill at Yalta in [MONTH YEAR] |
| America, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union | At Yalta, it was agreed that Germany would be divided into four zone occupied by [COUNTRY1, COUNTRY2, COUNTRY3, COUNTRY4] |
| West Germany | American, British, and French occupational zones of Germany would be combined to form [NAME OF AREA] |
| $20 billion | At Yalta, Stalin demanded that germany pay the Soviet Union [AMOUNT OF MONEY] in war damages Roosevelt and Churchill rejected this demand |
| Poland | The Yalta meeting was stalled until Stalin agreed to let [COUNTRY] have elections to choose their government |
| April 1945 | In [MONTH YEAR] delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco to adopt the UN charter |
| 50 | [NUMBER] nations joined the UN in 1945 |
| 11 | [NUMBER] countries sat on a Security Council of the UN |
| America, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China | [COUNTRY1, COUNTRY2, COUNTRY3, COUNTRY4, COUNTRY5] held permanent seats of the UN Security Council |
| April 12, 1945 | President Roosevelt died on [MONTH DAY, YEAR] |
| Harry Truman | When Roosevelt died, [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] took over as president |
| July 1945 | Truman's first meeting with Stalin and Attlee at Potsdam in [MONTH YEAR] |
| Clement Attlee | [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] replaced Winston Churchill in the British elections |
| Potsdam | Truman met with Stalin and Attlee at [NAME OF PLACE] |
| 17 million | The Soviet Union lost more than [NUMBER] people during WWII |
| Albania | Communist guerrilla forces had driven ther Germans out of [COUNTRY] by 1944 and silenced all anti-Communist leaders by the follwing year's elections |
| 1944 | Communists took over Albania in [YEAR] |
| Bulgaria | The Soviets also took over [COUNTRY] in 1944, securing the Communist hold by 1948 |
| 1944 | The Soviets took over Bulgaria in [YEAR] |
| 1948 | The Communist hold over Bulgaria was est by [YEAR] |
| Czechoslovakia | Communists tried desperately to take over [COUNTRY] in the free election of 1946; when they failed, they plotted to take over by force This country became a satellite nation by 1948 |
| 40 | In Czechoslovakia, in the free elections of 1946, the Communist candidate won only [NUMBER] percent of the vote |
| 1948 | Czechoslovakia became a Soviet satellite nation in [YEAR] |
| Hungary | Even though Communist candidates lost the election in [COUNTRY] in 1945, Soviet troops remained They arrested anti-Communist leaders, allowing the Communists to win the elections in 1947 |
| 1945 | In Hungary, Communist candidates lost the election of [YEAR] |
| 1947 | In Hungary, Communists candidates won the election of [YEAR], after having arrested the anti-communist leaders |
| Romania | The Red Army remained in [COUNTRY], forcing the King to name a Communist as prime minister in 1945, who forced the king to step down two years later |
| 1945 | In Romania, the Red Army forced the king to name a Communist as prime minister in [YEAR] |
| East Germany | Stalin, determined that Germany would never rise to power again, est national control of all [NAME OF AREA] resources, installing totalitarian government there. |
| German Democratic Republic | In 1949, under the Communist government, the East Germany area became known as [NAME OF NATION] |
| Finland | In 1948, [COUNTRY] signed a cooperation treaty with the Soviet Union, requiring this country to remain neutral in foreign affairs byt allowing it to manage its own domestic affairs |
| 1948 | Finland signed a cooperation treaty with the Soviet Union in [YEAR] |
| Yugoslavia | In [COUNTRY], Communists gained control in 1945 under the leader Josip "Tito" Broz. Tito was a fiercely independent dictator, refusing to take orders from Stalin Stalin tried, unsuccessfully to topple Tito in 1948 Tito remained dictator for the next three decades |
| 1945 | In Yugoslavia, Communists gained control in [YEAR] |
| Tito | [NICKNAME] was a fiercely independent Communist dictator who remained independent from Stalin |
| 1948 | Stalin tried, unsuccessfully, to topple Tito in [YEAR] |
| February 1946 | Stalin gave a speech in [MONTH YEAR], predicting the ultimate triumph of communism over capitalism |
| 50 | The Cold War lasted near [NUMBER] years |
| 1945 | The Cold War began in [YEAR] |
| 1991 | The Cold War ended in [YEAR] with the collapse of the Soviet Union |
| 1946 | George Kennan, an American diplomat stationed in Moscow, set a telegram to the State Department in [YEAR] analyzing Soviet behavior and policy |
| George Kennan | [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME], and American diplomat stationed in Moscow, set a telegram to the State Department in 1946 analyzing Soviet behavior and policy |
| 1945 | The Soviet Union had been making threats against Turkey since [YEAR] |
| February 1947 | In [MONTH YEAR] Great Britain announced that it could no longer afford to provide aid to Greece and Turkey US took over the responsibilty |
| March 1947 | In [MONTH YEAR] Truman called on the US to take a leadership role in the world in the Truman Doctrine |
| $400 million | Responding to the Truman Doctrine, Congress approved [AMOUNT OF MONEY] in aid for Greece and Turkey |
| 21 million | After WWII, in Europe, [NUMBER] people had been made homeless |
| 20 | During WWII, in Poland, some [NUMBER] percent of the population had died |
| 1 5 | After WWII, in France and Belgium, nearly [NUMBER] out of every [NUMBER] houses were destroyed or damaged |
| 1947 | Secretary of State George Marshall unveiled the Marshall Plan in [MONTH YEAR] at Harvard |
| Harvard | George Marshall unveiled the Marshal Plan in 1947 in a speech at [SCHOOL] |
| 1948 | Congress approved the Marshall Plan in [YEAR] |
| European Recovery Plan | The Marshall Plan was formally known as [NAME OF PLAN] |
| 17 | [NUMBER] Western European nations joined the European Recovery Plan |
| $13 billion | Between 1948 and 1952, the US allocated [AMOUNT OF MONEY] in grants and loans to Western Europe |
| March 1948 | In [MONTH YEAR] America, Great Britain, and France joined their occupational zones of Germany to form West Germany |
| Federal Republic of Germany | America, Great Britain, and France joined their occupation zones of Germany in March 1948 to form West Germany West Germany is formally known as [NAME OF NATION] |
| 1949 | The Soviets est East Germany in [YEAR] |
| June 1948 | In [MONTH YEAR], a new German currency was introduced in West Germany Stalin, looking for a reason to close the escape route of West and East Berlin, took this as his opertunity and formed a blockade |
| 2.5 million | The blockade of East Berlin, by Stalin, threatened to create sevre shortages to the [NUMBER] people living in West Berlin (Allies had been shipping through East Berlin) |
| 15 | The US and Britain used the Berlin Airlift for [NUMBER] months, until the Soviets gave up the blockade in May 1949 |
| 200,000 | The American and British aircraft made more than [NUMBER] flights to deliver food and supplies to West Berlin in the Berlin Airlift |
| 13,000 | At the height of the Berlin Airlift, nearly [NUMBER] tons of goods arrived in West Berlin daily |
| May 1949 | The Soviets finally gave up the blockade of East Germany in [MONTH YEAR] |
| April 1949 | In [MONTH YEAR], Canada, US, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal formed NATO |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | NATO stands for [FULL NAME] |
| 1955 | The Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact in [YEAR], as a response to NATO |
| September 1949 | President Truman announced in [MONTH YEAR] that the Soviet Union had tested an atomic bomb |
| 1950 | In [YEAR], Truman gave permission for the developement of a hydrogen bomb |
| 1952 | The first successful test of a hydrogen bomb was in [YEAR] |
| Mao Zedong | In China, the Communist leader was [LASTNAME FIRSTNAME] |
| Jiang Jieshi | In China, the Nationalist leader was [LASTNAME FIRSTNAME] |
| 1947 | By [YEAR], Mao's forces had occupied much of China's countryside and some northern cities |
| 1949 | In [YEAR] China's capital of Peking (now Beijing) fell to the Communists |
| Peking | In 1949, China's capital of [NAME OF CAPITAL] (now Beijing) fell to Communists |
| People's Republic of China | After the fall of China's capital, Mao announced the creation of the Communist state [NAME OF NATION] |
| Taiwan | Jiang and his Nationalist followers retreated to [NAME OF ISLAND] after defeat by Mao |
| Dwight Eisenhower | Truman's successor was [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] |
| 1946 | A number of wartime spies were exposed in [YEAR], increasing American anxieties |
| 1946 | Republicans made big gains in the [YEAR] congressional elections Truman worried his rivals would rake political advantage of the loyalty issue |
| 1947 | In [YEAR], Truman est a federal employee loyalty program in which all new employees hired by the federal government would be investigated |
| 1938 | HUAC had been est in [YEAR] |
| September/October 1947 | In [MONTH/MONTH YEAR], HUAC charged numerous Hollywood figures of Communist assocciations |
| J. Thomas | The committee chairman of HUAC, [FIRSTINITIAL. LAST NAME], a Republican Representative called witnesses on the Hollywood Ten who made false accusations with flimsy evidence |
| 6 1 | The Hollywood Ten served between [NUMBER] months and [NUMBER] year(s) of jail time |
| Pat McCarren | Democrat [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] led a Senate hunt for Communists in the movie industry, labor unions, the State Dept. and the UN |
| McCarren-Walter Act | At McCarren's urging Congress passed the [NAME OF ACT] in 1952 |
| 1952 | The McCarren-Walter Act was passed by Congress in 1952 |
| Alger Hiss | In 1948, HUAC investigated [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME], a high-ranking State Dept. official who had left government service Former Communist Whittaker Chambers accused him of being a Communist in the 1930s He denied all claims He was convicted of lying to a federal jury and, in 1950, sent to jail for four years |
| 1948 | Alger Hiss was investigated by HUAC in [YEAR] |
| 1950 | Alger Hiss went to jail in [YEAR] for four years |
| 4 | Alger Hiss went to jail for [NUMBER] years |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | A married couple, [FIRSTNAME AND FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] , members of the Communist party, were accused of passing secrets to the Soviets during WWII They were convicted of espionage and executed in 1953 |
| 1953 | The Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage and executed in [YEAR] |
| June 1950 | In [MONTH YEAR] American troops struggled to push back Communist forces who had made huge advances in Korea |
| 1919 | In [YEAR], Chinese protesters began calling for a stronger, more independent China Some demanded democracy and nationalism Others wanted communism |
| 1927 | In [YEAR], Jiang sent troops to attack the Communists and their supporters. The result was a massacre that would lead to a civil war |
| 1934 | In [YEAR], Mao's forces began to retreat from Jiang's forces, determined to retreat to the north and rebuild |
| 1949 | In China, Communists gained power in [YEAR] The Nationalists had lost support due to harsh treatment of the population, high taxes, and corruption Mao promised landd reforms, equality and was backed by military victories over the Nationalists |
| 1945 | Korean was divided in [YEAR] at the 38th Parallel Soviets surrendered troops north of the line, and Allies south of |
| 38th Parallel | Korea was divided at the [NAME OF LINE] in 1945, cutting the peninsula in half |
| 1948 1949 | Occupying forces in North Korea and South Korea withdrew in [YEAR] and [YEAR] |
| June 1950 | The Korean War broke out in [MONTH YEAR] when North Korean troops stormed across the 38th Parallel |
| China | After the Nationalist defeat in 1949, the US had blocked [COUNTRY]'s admission to the UN |
| American Seventh Fleet | President Truman called on the [NAME OF FLEET] to protect Taiwan in the Korean War, as well as sending air and naval support to South Korea Later, ground troops were sent in |
| 16 | After the US helped South Korea in the Korean War, [NUMBER] nations eventually contributed troops or arms |
| 80 | Americans made up roughly [NUMBER] percent of the troops that served in the UN police action in Korea during the war NOTE Campbell's pwp said 90, the book said otherwise |
| Douglas MacArthur | Truman chose General [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] to lead the UN forces in Korea |
| September 1950 | In [MONTH YEAR], during the Korean war, MacArthur landed troops in Inchon in northwestern South Korea (after having sent forces to defend Pusan) and attacked enemy supply lines from behind |
| Inchon | In September 1950, during the Korean war, MacArthur landed troops in [NAME OF CITY] in northwestern South Korea (after having sent forces to defend Pusan) and attacked enemy supply lines from behind |
| November 24, 1950 | On [MONTH DAY, YEAR] MacArthur announced his "Home by Christmas" offensive to drive the enemy across the North Korean border at the Yalu River into China and end the war Chinese troops poured across the Yalu, however, taking the offensive A stalemate developed |
| Yalu River | On November 24, 1950, MacArthur announced his "Home by Christmas" offensive to drive the enemy across the North Korean border at the [NAME OF RIVER] into China and end the war |
| March 1951 | After Truman shot down MacArthur's suggestion of opening a second front to break the stalemate in the Korean War, MacArthur sent a lettter to House Minority Leader Joseph Martin in [MONTH YEAR] attacking the President's policies |
| April 11, 1951 | On [MONTH DAY, YEAR], MacArthur was fired by Truman for insubordination |
| April 19, 1951 | On [MONTH DAY, YEAR], MacArthur returned home from the Korean War (after being fired) and gave his farewell adress to Congress ". . . old soldiers never die, they just fade away." |
| 1953 | A truce was signed, ending the Korean War, in [YEAR], dividing Korea at almost exactly the same spot, the 38th Parallel |
| 38th Parallel | A truce was signed, ending the Korean War, in 1935, dividing Korea at almost exactly the same spot, the [NAME OF LINE] |
| 54,000 | Roughly [NUMBER] American soldiers had been killed in the Korean War |
| 103,000 | [NUMBER] American soldiers had been wounded in the Korean War |
| 1948 | Truman ordered the integration of African Americans into the armed forces in [YEAR] |
| 1950 | The military had taken less than 1/3 of the federal budget in [YEAR] |
| 1/3 | The military ha taken less than [NUMBER (fraction, written as #/#)] of the federal budget in 1950 |
| 1/2 | In the 1960s, military spending would grow to take up nearly [NUMBER (fraction, written as #/#)] of federal expenditures |
| 3.5 million | The military-industrial complex employed [NUMBER] Americans by 1960 |
| 1960 | The military-industrial complex employed 3.5 million Americans by [YEAR] |
| September 1951 | The US signed a treaty with Japan, hoping to maintain balance of power in the Pacific, in [MONTH YEAR] |
| 20 | The diplomatic standoff against Communist China lasted more than [NUMBER] years |
| 1950 | In [YEAR], McCarthy accused 205 people of being members of the Communist Party who were still working at the State Dept. The List turned out to be people accused under the Truman loyalty program When Pressed for details, McCarthy reduced the number fro 205 to 57 people |
| 205 | In 1950, McCarthy accused [NUMBER] people of being members of the Communist Party who were still working at the State Dept. The List turned out to be people accused under the Truman loyalty program When Pressed for details, McCarthy reduced the number to 57 people |
| 57 | In 1950, McCarthy accused 205 people of being members of the Communist Party who were still working at the State Dept. The List turned out to be people accused under the Truman loyalty program When Pressed for details, McCarthy reduced the number from 205 to [NUMBER] people |
| June 1950 | In [MONTH YEAR], Republican Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine presented a Declaration of Conscience to the Senate denouncing McCarthy |
| 1954 | McCarthy charged the army of being full of Communists when one of his assistants was drafted in [YEAR] |
| April 1954 | The Army-McCarthy hearings began in [MONTH YEAR] The hearings were televised so the public could witness everything By the end of the hearings, McCarthy had lost all support from his followers |
| 1953 | Republican Dwight Eisenhower became president in [YEAR] |
| John Dulles | Eisenhower's Secretary of State [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] was a harsh anti-Communist who believed Truman's containment policy was too cautious |
| 1953 | The East German's revolted in [YEAR] The US kept its distance |
| 1956 | The Poles and Hungarians revolted in [YEAR] The US kept its distance |
| July 1953 | Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise to bring the Korean war to an end in [MONTH YEAR] |
| March 1953 | Stalin died in [MONTH YEAR] |
| 1947 | In [YEAR], the British turned the question of the creation of a Jewish state over to the UN The UN created two states in the Palestine area- one Jewish and one Arab |
| May 1948 | In [MONTH YEAR], the Jews in Palestine proclaimed the new nation of Israel |
| Israel | In May 1948, the Jews in Palestine proclaimed the new nation of [NAME OF NATION] |
| 1948 | Israel's Arab neighbors attacked the Jewish state in [YEAR] UN mediated new borders US backed Israel and the Soviet Union backed Arab interests |
| 1952 | In [YEAR], a nationalist leader gained control in Iran Fearful he would be neutral of sympathetic to Communism, the US backed groups that overthrew the nationalist government and restored the pro-American Shah of Iran |
| 1956 | The Suez crisis of [YEAR] Egypt's ruler Gamal Abdel Nassar sought Soviet support The US and Great Britain cut off aid to Egypt Nassar seized the British-owned Suez Canal 1956 British and French forces attacked Egypt to regain control of the canal Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt, which retained control of the canal |
| Suez crisis | The [NAME OF CRISIS] of 1956 Egypt's ruler Gamal Abdel Nassar sought Soviet support The US and Great Britain cut off aid to Egypt Nassar seized the British-owned Suez Canal 1956 British and French forces attacked Egypt to regain control of the canal Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt, which retained control of the canal |
| Egypt | The Suez crisis of 1956 [COUNTRY]'s ruler Gamal Abdel Nassar sought Soviet support The US and Great Britain cut off aid to this country Nassar seized the British-owned Suez Canal 1956 British and French forces attacked this country to regain control of the canal Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw fromthis country, which retained control of the canal |
| Gamal Nassar | The Suez crisis of 1956 Egypt's ruler [FIRSTNAME LASTNAME] sought Soviet support The US and Great Britain cut off aid to Egypt Nassar seized the British-owned Suez Canal 1956 British and French forces attacked Egypt to regain control of the canal Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt, which retained control of the canal |
| 1956 | The Suez crisis of 1956 Egypt's ruler Gamal Abdel Nassar sought Soviet support The US and Great Britain cut off aid to Egypt Nassar seized the British-owned Suez Canal [YEAR] British and French forces attacked Egypt to regain control of the canal Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt, which retained control of the canal |
| British and French | The Suez crisis of 1956 Egypt's ruler Gamal Abdel Nassar sought Soviet support The US and Great Britain cut off aid to Egypt Nassar seized the British-owned Suez Canal 1956 [NATIONALITY1 AND NATIONALITY2] forces attacked Egypt to regain control of the canal Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt, which retained control of the canal |
| January 1957 | Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in [MONTH YEAR] |
| 1958 | Eisenhower used the Eisenhower Doctrine in [YEAR] to justify landing trops in Lebanon to put down a revolt against its pro-American government |
| Rio Pact | In 1947, the US signed the [NAME OF PACT], a regional defense alliance with 18 other nations in the Western Hemisphere |
| 1947 | In [YEAR], the US signed the Rio Pact, a regional defense alliance with 18 other nations in the Western Hemisphere |
| 18 | In 1947, the US signed the Rio Pact, a regional defense alliance with [NUMBER] other nations in the Western Hemisphere |
| Organization of American States | OAS [FULL NAME] US formed in 1948 to increase cooperation among the nations of the hemisphere |
| 1948 | OAS US formed in [YEAR] to increase cooperation amound the nations of the hemisphere |
| 1954 | The CIA helped overthrow the government of Guatemala on the grounds that its leaders were sympathetic to radical causes in [YEAR] the ownership of the American United Fruit Company was restored |
| 1950 | Throughout the [YEAR]s the US and the Soviet Union waged an arms race |
| August 1953 | Soviets successfully test their own hydrogen bomb in [MONTH YEAR] |
| 1954 1958 | Between [YEAR] and [YEAR], the US conducted 19 hydrogen bomb tests in the Pacific One of these explosions on March 1954 was over 750 times more powerful that the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in WWII Fishermen some 90 miles away suffered severe radiation burns |
| 19 | Between 1954 and 1958, the US conducted [NUMBER] hydrogen bomb tests in the Pacific One of these explosions on March 1954 was over 750 times more powerful that the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in WWII Fishermen some 90 miles away suffered severe radiation burns |
| March 1954 | Between 1954 and 1958, the US conducted 19 hydrogen bomb tests in the Pacific One of these explosions on [MONTH YEAR] was over 750 times more powerful that the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in WWII Fishermen some 90 miles away suffered severe radiation burns |
| 750 | Between 1954 and 1958, the US conducted 19 hydrogen bomb tests in the Pacific One of these explosions on March 1954 was over [NUMBER] times more powerful that the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in WWII Fishermen some 90 miles away suffered severe radiation burns |
| 90 | Between 1954 and 1958, the US conducted 19 hydrogen bomb tests in the Pacific One of these explosions on March 1954 was over 750 times more powerful that the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in WWII Fishermen some [NUMBER] miles away suffered severe radiation burns |
| 1956 | In [YEAR], Secretary of State John Dulles made it clear that the US was prepared to support the policy of brinkmanship |
| Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles | ICBMs stands for [FULL NAME] |
| 1957 | Soviets launched the satellite Sputnik by rocket in [YEAR] |
| Sputnik | Soviets launched the satellite [NAME OF SATELLITE] by rocket in 1957 |
| May 1960 | Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory in [MONTH YEAR] |
| U-2 | Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down American [NAME OF SPY PLANE] spy plane over Soviet territory in May 1960 |
| 400 | The Berlin Airlift made aproximately [NUMBER] of flights per day |
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