Kozier NP2- Fluid and Electrolytes ( part 2) - T2
About this set
Created by:
Dunemis on January 16, 2011
Classes:
MCC Nursing Students BLOCK 1, MCC Nursing
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What types of signs might you observe on a patient when there is a fluid volume excess? | • Increase HR/BP • Tachypnea/dyspnea • Distended veins • Edema • Weight gain • I>O • Crackles in lungs • Pulmonary edema |
| Intravascular | Where is the plasma located in relation to the cell? |
| Decrease by 20 mm Hg | Postural Hypotension can be observed by measuring the change in systolic pressure. Will the systolic increase or decrease when the patient moves from lying to standing also by how much will it change? |
| dilute urine | The kidneys react to fluid excesses by excreting a more _________; this rids the body of excess fluid and conserves electrolytes. |
| • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration | What are the three methods of passive transport? |
| posterior pituitary | ADH antidiuretic hormone is synthesized by the hypothalamus, but where is it secreted by? |
| Decrease by 10mm Hg | Postural Hypotension can be observed by measuring the change in diastolic pressure. Will the diastolic increase or decrease when the patient moves from lying to standing also by how much will it change? |
| Osmolality | What type of fluid is used to describe serum? (Hint - starts with Osmol) |
| 3 (not on test) Smile! | How many hearts does a octopus has? |
| 10% - 20% increase in HR | Postural Hypotension can be observed by measuring the change HR. Will the HR increase or decrease when the patient moves from lying to standing also by what percentage will it change? |
| renin - angiotension | Aldosterone is released and inhibited in a feedback loop as part of the _________ system |
| sodium and water | Glucocorticoids promote renal retention of _________ and __________. |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) | _________________ • Cardiac hormone • Decreases blood volume and pressure by • Vasodilates • Decreases release of aldosterone • Causes diuresis with excretion of both Sodium and H2O |
| dehydration cause an increase and overhydration cause decrease | During dehydration, the serum osmolality ____________; during overhydration (fluid overload) the serum osmolality ___________ |
| Cells shrink and shrivel | When cells are placed in concentrated salt solution the cells wiill what? |
| interstitial | Filtration is the the pumping action of the heart is responsible for the amount of force of the hydrostatic pressure that causes water and electrolytes to move from the capillaries to the ________ fluid. |
| • Causing vasodilation • Decreasing aldosterone • Decreasing ADH release • Increasing GFR | ANP lowers blood volume and BP by what 4 ways? |
| Aldosterone | hormone that acts on the nephrons distal tubules, making them reabsorb more sodium and water and increasing blood volume and pressure. |
| Osmolarity | What type of fluid is used to describe urine? |
| Albert Einstein (not on test) Relax | "Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former." |
| • Dark yellow and orange fruits • Avocados • Dark green leafy vegetables • Sweet potatoes • Meat- beef, chicken, liver, pork, veal and turkey • Nuts and peanut butter • Cocoa, cola drinks • Instant tea and coffee | What are sources of Potassium (name 4 of 8) |
| dehydration | Older adults are at risk of ________ because fat replaces lean muscle |
| Mineralcorticoids | _____________ enhance sodium retention and potassium excretion |
| Arterial blood gases | ___________ determine whether a solution is acid, neutral, or alkaline. |
| Hypomagnesiumia | • Clinical Manifestations • Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes • Tremors • Seizures • Cardiac arrhythmias • Confusion |
| Hypocalcemia | Clinical manifestations •Easy fatigability •Depression, anxiety and confusions •Numbness and tingling in extremities and around mouth •Hyperreflexia, muscle cramps •Chvostek's sign •Trousseau's sign •Laryngeal spasm •Tetany, seizures |
| Hypoproteinemia | • Clinical Manifestations • Edema • Slow healing • Anorexia • Fatigue • Anemia • Muscle loss • Ascites |
| Hypermagnesiumia | • Clinical Manifestations • Lethargy • Drowsiness • N/V • Reflexes impaired • Somnolence • EKG changes • Hypotension • Bradycardia • Respiratory • cardiac arrest can occur |
| Hyperkalemia | Clinical Manifestations •Irritability •Anxiety •Abdominal cramping, diarrhea •Weakness of lower extremities •Paresthesias •Irregular pulse •Cardiac standstill •Ventricular fibrillation |
| Hyponatremia | Clinical Manifestations •Irritability, apprehension, confusion •Postural hypertension •Tachycardia •Rapid thready pulse •Jugular venous filling •Nausea •Dry mucous membranes •Wt. Loss •Tremors, seizures, coma •Eminent death • Headache, fatigue, apathy, weakness,confusion • Nausea, vomiting • Weight gain • Postural hypotension • Muscle spasms, seizure,coma |
| When intra-venous (IV) solution was in short supply, doctors during World War II and Vietnam used coconut water in substitution of IV solutions. | Coconuts are awesome!!! |
| Hypernatremia | Clinical Manifestations •Intense thirst, dry swollen tongue •Restlessness, agitation, twitching, confusion •Seizure, coma •Weakness •Postural hypotension •Weight loss •Low urinary output •Intense thirst •Restlessness, agitation,twitching •Seizure, coma •Flushed skin skin •Weight gain •Peripheral and pulmonary edema |
| Hypercalcemia | Clinical Manifestations •Lethargy •Depressed reflexes •Decreased memory confusion, personality changes, psychosis •Anorexia, nausea, vomitting •Bone pain, fractures •Polyuria, dehydration •Stupor, coma •Muscle tremors •parasthesias •Ventricular arrhythmias •Increased digitalis effect |
| Potassium | 98% intracellular Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm Skeletal and smooth muscle contraction Major intracellular cation Regulates intracellular osmolaltity Promotes cellular growth Leaves cells during tissue breakdown Role in the acid base system |
| Hypochloremia | • Increased muscle excitability • Tetany • Decreased respirations |
| ABG Analysis | • Normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45 • PaCO2 35 - 45 mm Hg • HCO3- 22 - 26 mEq/L • PaO2 80 - 100 mm Hg • SaO2 95 - 100% |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Under clinical signs and symptoms, which one does NOT have lethargy as a symptom in the following? • Respiratory Acidosis • Respiratory Alkalosis • Metabolic Acidosis • Metabolic Alkalosis |
| Buffers | _______ circulate throughout the body in pairs, neutralizing excess acids or bases by contributing or accepting hydrogen ions. |
| Kidneys | Blood buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys all help to keep the PH in a normal range. If they were running a race, who would come in last place? |
| albumin | Plasma proteins, particularly _______, are significant determinants of plasma volume |
| It's physically impossible for you to lick your elbow. | Did you know that .......... |
| Hypoproteinemia | • Caused by • Anorexia • Malnutrition • Starvation • Fad dieting • Poorly balanced vegetarian diets |
| Hypomagnesiumia | • Causes • Diet-malnutrition • Drinking ETOH • Diarrhea and malabsorption • Diabetes mellitus • Diuretics • Drugs |
| Hypocalcemia | Causes •Chronic renal failure •Elevated phosphorus •Primary hypoparathyroidism •Vit D deficiency •Magnesium deficiency •Acute pancreatitis •Loop diuretics •Chronic alcoholism •Diarrhea •Low serum albumin •Parathyroid hormone deficiency •Deposition of ionized calcium in bone or soft tissue •Intestinal malabsorption •Hypothermia •Rabdomyolysis •Tumor lysis •Drugs •Alkalosis •Excess administration of citrated blood |
| Hypermagnesiumia | • Causes: • Renal insufficiency • Medications like Lithium, laxatives and antacids with _____ • Volume depletion • Rhabdomyolysis • Hypothyroidism • Hyperparathyroidism • Hypomotility disorders • Bowel obstructions |
| Hyponatremia | Causes •GI loss: diarrhea, vomitng, fistula, NG suction •Renal Losses: SIADH, diuretics adrenal insufficiency, Na+ wasting renal disease •Skin loss: burns and wound drainage •Congestive heart failure •Excessive hypotonic IV fluids •Primary polydipsia •SIADH |
| Hyperkalemia | Causes • Usually renal failure • Massive cell damage • Rapid transfusion of blood products • Catabolism • Metabolic acidosis • Adrenal insufficiency |
| Hypercalcemia | Causes Increased total calcium •Multiple myeloma •Other malignancy •Prolonged immobilization •Hyperparathyroidism •Vit D overdose •Thiazide diuretics •Increased intestinal absorption •High bone turnover •ESRD •Drugs Increased ionized calcium •acidosis |
| Hyperphosphatemia | • Most commonly occurs as a result of renal insufficiency; also can occur with increased intake of phosphate or vitamin D; chemotherapy • Signs and symptoms: tetany, numbness and tingling around the mouth, and muscle spasms |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | • Caused by: • Hyperventilation • Anxiety • Fear • Head injuries • ASA overdose • Pneumonia • Disorders of the CNS • Hypoxia • High fever • Pulmonary emboli |
| Hypoproteinemia | Nephrotic syndrome is related to what? |
| Calcium | •Normal coagulation •Nerve impulse transmission •Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles •Hormone secretion •Normal cell function and membrane stability 1% in plasma and cells 50% free form or ionized or unbound 40% bound to plasma (albumin) 10% bound to non-protein ions like phosphate carbonate and citrate |
| If you keep a Goldfish in the dark room, it will eventually turn white | The goldfish has a memory of 3-months instead of 3 seconds. Also provided: Goldfish "can be trained to memorize mazes for up to one month, and can be trained to press levers for food, even at a specific time of day. The sale of fishbowls (due to their inability to provide sufficient oxygen and the possibility that they may stunt growth) have been banned in some countries" |
| 96 to 105 | Chloride Cl- • An extracellular anion. • Normal level is ____ to _____ mEq/L. • It is the major anion in ECF. • Major component in the formation of HCL in gastric juices. • Regulates acid base balance |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | • Caused by: • Excessive vomiting • Prolonged NG suctioning • Electrolyte disturbance (hypokalemia) • Cushing's dz • Drugs ( steroids, NaHCO3-, diuretics and antacids) • hyperaldosteronism |
| Hyperchloremia | • Stupor • Rapid deep breathing • Muscle weakness |
| Respiratory Acidosis | • Caused by: • Aspiration • Cardiac arrest • Severe pneumonia • Emphysema • Pulmonary edema • Pneumothorax • Obesity • Stroke • Head injury • COPD • Respiratory infections • Asthma |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Treatment : breathe slowly into a paper bag |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Clinical Signs and Symptoms: Kussmaul's breathing |
| Respiratory Acidosis | Clinical Signs and Symptoms : Occipital Headache |
| Hypocalcemia | Clinical manifestations : Laryngeal spasm |
| Hypercalcemia | Clinical manifestations : •Ventricular arrhythmias |
| Hyperkalemia | Treatment for _____________ • Calcium Gluconate IV • Regular insulin and glucose administered IV • Sodium Bicarbonate • Dialysis • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate) |
| Metabolic Acidosis | • Caused by: • Starvation • Dehydration • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Renal failure • Shock • Diarrhea • Drugs (ASA) • Acid ingestion • Fistulas • Severe infection • Excessive GI loss |
| Hyperkalemia | Clinical Manifestations: •Irritability •Anxiety •Abdominal cramping, diarrhea •Weakness of lower extremities •Paresthesias •Irregular pulse •Cardiac standstill •Ventricular fibrillation |
| Sodium | •Greatest concentration ECF •Regulates volume and osmolality of ECF •Nerve impulse transmission •Muscle contraction |
| ADH | ___________ release caused by • Increased osmolality, STRESS, nausea, nicotine, morphine |
| During the course of this quizlet you attempted to lick on of your elbows. | Odds say that .......... |
| Respiratory Acidosis | • Compensation: Kidneys retain HCO3 |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | • Compensation: Kidneys excrete HCO3 |
| Metabolic Acidosis | • Compensation: Lungs excrete CO2 |
| • Metabolic Alkalosis | • Compensation: Lungs retain CO2 |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.