Bio Test Molecular
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the basic structure of DNA? | a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| What shape is a the DNA in? | a double-helix |
| What types of bonds are in between the nitrogenous bases? the sugar and the phosphate? | a and t have double hydrogen bonds and c and g have 3 hydrogen bonds; sugar and phosphate have covalent bonds |
| What is special about the strands of DNA? | they are anti-parallel |
| What is the origin of replication? | where the strands split and start replicating |
| Where is the origin of replication in eukaryotes? in prokaryotes? | there are many different places in Eukaryotes- usally between the A and T; one place in prokaryotes because their DNA is circular |
| When does DNA replicate? What is the process called? | during S phase of interphase; Semi-conservative Method of Replication |
| What is the purpose of DNA? | the basis for all life; stores, transmits, and copies genetic material; a template for RNA |
| What are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases? | Adenine, Guanine, Cytocine, Thymine, and Uracil |
| What is the central dogma? | DNA to RNA- Transcription; RNA to protein- Translation |
| What is the exception to the central dogma? | retroviruses can do RNA to DNA |
| What happens in transcription? | segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules |
| Where does RNA cynthesis and protein cynthesis take place in a prokaryote? in a Eurkaryote? | cytoplasm; nucleus then cytoplasm |
| RNA polymerase | binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands; uses on strand of DNA as a template to assemple a complementary RNA strand |
| Introns: | the portions that are cut out of mRNA and left behind in the nucleus |
| exons | the remaining pieces of RNA that are splice dback together to form the final mRNA |
| What is added on to the mRNA to help it leave the nucleus? What do they help with? | 5' Cap- for energy and helps mRNA from degrading; poly A tail- helps mRNA leave and helps prevent mRNA from degrading; only happens in eukaryotes |
| polypeptides | long chains of amino acids |
| Codon | 3 nitrogenous bases that form a amino acid |
| What is the difference between RNA and DNA? | the sugar in RNA is ribose, generally single stranded, contains uracil |
| mRNA | carry info from DNA to other parts of the cell |
| rRNA | helps make up ribosomes and is the site where proteins are made; help hold ribosomal proteins in place |
| tRNA | transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the codons in mRNA |
| What do ribosomes do in translation? | use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chians |
| How does translation begin? | when an ribosome attatches to an mRNA in the cytoplasm; as each codon passes through the different sites, tRNA bring the proper amino acids to it |
| anitcodon | 3 unpaired bases that the tRNA molecul has; complementary to one mRNA codon |
| How does the polypeptide chain form in translation? | on the A site, the anticodon connect to the codon, it then moves to the p site where a protein bond forms with the amino acid in the A site and P site, then moves to the E cite where the tRNA exits the ribosome and leaves the amino acid behind, thus forming a chain |
| genetic code | collection of codons of mRNA, which direct the amino acids into a protein during protein synthesis; formed with four letters: A, C, U, G |
| poly a tail | adenine nucleotides at the end of pre-mRNA |
| start and stop codons | "start" and "stop" the translation process of using RNA to create protein. |
| Sugar Phosphate Backbone | In DNA, it is made up of deoxyribose (sugar), and a phosphate group;In RNA, it is made up of ribose (sugar), and a phosphate group;They are held together with covalent bonds;looks like a circle. |
| 5 prime cap | guanine nucleotide that has been added to the "front" of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after the start of transcription |
| How does the central dogma produce all macromolecules not just proteins? | Dna makes RNA and RNA makes proteins which are enzymes which make everything else |
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