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3 axes in humans and animals D-V, R-C (A-P), M-L 3 anatomical planes horizontal (separate brain from neck @ nose), coronal (separate front of head from back), sagittal (separate right ear from left ear) commitment (determination) cell may or may not appear morphologically different in comparison to unrestricted state differentiation development of the morphological and molecular components of specialized cell types induction alteration of cell fate as a result of interactions with neighboring cells 2 components of induction inducer (provides signal) & responder (responds to inducer's signal) 2 types of induction instructive & permissive instructive induction signal from inducer necessary for initiating new gene expression permissive induction responder expresses everything it needs, but lacks the environment needed competence ability to respond to an inductive signal morphogens soluble proteins that create a conc. gradient in the developing tissue, which directs differentiation of cells gastrulation cells of the early embryo, blastula, rearrange and become multilayered blastula hollow ball of cells 3 primary tasks of gastrulation establish 3 germ layers, forms body axes, brings cells into contact with new cells in which they can interact with ectoderm leads to formation of skin, hair, NS endoderm leads to formation of GI system mesoderm leads to formation of muscle and bones neural induction formation of the NS from the ectoderm of the early embryo. Result of a signal from the mesoderm and the tissue "organizer) neurulation the embryonic formation of the neural tube by the closure of the neural plate, directed by underlying notochord two main divisions of NS central and peripheral two divisions of PNS somatic and autonomic somatic functions - 3 has DRGs, carry info from periphery to spinal cord, carries info about touch, temp, and pain below the neck autonomic function mediates senses and motoro control of viscera, smooth muscle, and endocrine glands two divisions of autonomic NS sympathetic and parasympathetic 7 major divisions of CNS spinal cord, medulls, pons, midbrains, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemisphere gray matter contains cell bodies white matter contains nerve fibers that connect the spinal cord with other regions of the CNS gray matter divisions dorsal and ventral horn dorsal horn division of gray matter that has sensory relay neurons ventral horn divisions of gray matter that has motor nuclei that innervate specific muscles number of spinal nerves in humans 31 pairs (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral) nerves serving that limbs arise from the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord 3 parts of the brainstem medulla, pons and midbrain two major divisions of diencephalon thalamus and hypothalamus thalamus relay station of sensory information to the cerebral hemispheres largest regions of human brain cerebral cortex