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Plasmid found in some bacteria; contains genes that help the bacteria defend itself Restriction Enzyme cuts DNA; can only read palindromes Competant State when cells are capable of binding the DNA Vectors plasmid, phage(virus), cosmid, YAC Genetic Library stores many copies of a gene PCR technique to make a lot of DNA from a little; like a xerox machine PCR Requirements template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, DNTP, thermal cycler Obtaining DNA blood sample, mouthwash, chorionic villus biopsy, hair, semen Amplifying DNA making many copies of DNA Polymorphisms differences between humans from: individual genes that vary between people & enviornmental variation impacting development VNTR varial number of tandem repeats STR short tandem repeats DNA Fingerprinting used to identify individuals by their RFLP regions Codis combined DNA index system RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphisms