Alisom
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r0bertcheng on January 19, 2011
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551 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 American Revolution | the overthrow of a government by those who are governed American: The war between the American colonies and Great Britain (1775-1783), leading to the formation of the independent United States. |
| Dual Revolution Theory | theory that the revolution was based off of not only the struggle to separate from the injustices of British Government but also to make the social classes of the United States more equal |
| Mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought, The theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys, the idea that the colony should benefit the mother country economically |
| Queen Anne's War | A contest among Europe's empire builders for territory, established England as the primary colonial power in North America |
| Treaty of Utrecht | England acquired Newfoundland, acadia, areas of hudson bay. Led to postway tensions with Native AMericans, Made england most powerful nation in North America |
| Molasses Act | A law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies; it was aimed to reserve a monopoly of the colonies. This caused anger among colonials due to the fear of increased prices of rum, since they felt that the British West Indies could not meet the needs of the colonies. |
| Adam Smith/ Wealth of Nations | Rejected government interference with commerce and trade, rejected mercantilism |
| George Washington | young militia captain who tried but failed to take over fort duquesne |
| Fort Duquesne | franch fort in ohio valley. GWAsh tried to attack here, but failed |
| Iroquois Confederacy | Only Native americans on the sides of the british |
| Albany Congress | reps from NE, ny, penn, tried to develop a plan for defence from french, aalliance with the Iroquis. Nothing happened |
| General Braddock | British-commander in chief in in north america, was in charge during battle at Fort Duquesne, "the worst defeat of British forces in North America to that time" |
| French and Indian War and economic fallout | taxes, etc made colonists mad many amaerican colonists fought for eng |
| William Pitt | new secreteary of state, promised coloniests financial compensation for fighting in the way |
| Battle of Quebec | Great european style battle, both commanders died, but british won. turning point in the war, eventually led to french surrender. |
| Guerrilla Warfare | War method using sneakiness, camouflage, etc not the traditional European style warfare where you lined up. Proved useful against the British, showed Americans how they could defeat them |
| Treaty of paris 1763 | France gave louisiana territory, plus NO, to spain, but kept its sugar islands. Britain gained until mississippi, and florida |
| Proclamation Line of 1763 | Part of Treaty of Paris. To NA: if you won't bug colonists and don't go E of the line, we'll agree that no colonists can move W of line. ENG can't continue another fight against NA. Not ok w/colonists. |
| Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys | They were rebels that defended their New Hampshire deeds by creating a miltia...would burn homes, dress as Indians, demolish fences, and threaten their opponents ...eventually merged into the campaign for the American Revolution and captured Fort Ticonderoga |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | 1763 groups of NAs in western New york formed an alliance under pontiac and attacked frontier settlers. Led to the Proclamation Line of 1763 |
| Paxton Boys | A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen vigilantes led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. |
| Regulators | These were vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature. |
| George Grenville | British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament |
| Sugar Act | (1764) British deeply in debt due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. |
| Quartering Act of 1765 | Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties |
| Stamp Act | A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies |
| Virtual Representation | The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. |
| Patrick Henry | Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech 1775 |
| Sons of Liberty | Secret societies formed to protest new taxes passed by Parliament. Led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors. Founded by Sam Adams. |
| Samuel Adams | Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence Beer |
| Declaration of Rights and Grievances | Adopted by the First Continental Congress, it promised obedience to the king, but denied parliament's right to tax the colonies. |
| Power of the Purse | Constitutional power given to Congress to raise and spend money |
| Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. |
| Townshend Act | Passed by Parliament in 1767, this act imposed import duties on tea, paper, glass, red and white lead, and painter's colors. It provoked the imperial crisis of 1767-1770. In 1770 Parliament repealed all of the duties except the one on tea. |
| Boston Massacre | 1770 British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution. |
| Tea Act | tax on tea; made the east india company the only tea company allowed to colonists; reason for Tea Party (1773) |
| Boston Tea Party | demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor |
| Quartering Act | 1774- Required colonists to house troops sent to Massachusetts to enforce the Intolerable Acts |
| Intolerable Acts | 1774 - Coercive Acts British legislation that closed Boston Harbor, restricted town meetings, and required even private citizens to lodge British soldiers |
| Quebec Act | The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allow the French Colonists to go back freely to their own customs. The colonists had the right to have access to the Catholic religion freely. Created resent among the colonists. |
| Committees of Correspondence | Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. |
| First Continental Congress | Sept. 1774 Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence |
| Lexington and Concord | the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775) Shot heard around the world colonies don't get raped |
| Valley Forge | Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops |
| Second Continental Congress | They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence |
| Olive Branch Petition | last ask for peace, sent to king george begging him to undo parliments acts, ignored |
| Bunker Hill | first major battle, although the british won it proved to be a pyrric victory because british suffered more losses, and it proved to the colonists that they had a chance to stand up to this super power. |
| Thomas Paine/ Common Sense | Pamphlet that called for complete independence from Great Britain, said it was "common sense" catalyzed the DoI |
| Thomas Jefferson | He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. |
| Declaration of Independence | This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document. |
| Hessians | hired German mercenaries who fought for the British |
| General William Howe | He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778. |
| Crossing of the Delaware | george washington crossed river on christmas night big whoop |
| Battle of Trenton | On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Delaware River. The next morning, they surprise attacked the Hessians. |
| Battle of Princeton | A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale. |
| General Burgoyne | Gentleman Johnnie, Surrendered to america at Saratoga originally wanted to control hudson river and cut of supplies |
| Battle of Saratoga | Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. |
| Franco-American Alliance 1778 | formal alliance with French recognizing American independance and agreeing not to negotiate with Britain without consultation |
| Baron von Steuben | The German commander who taught Washington's troops how to fight at Valley Forge. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. |
| Women in the Revolution | import economic role (took over farms and businesses, etc.) almost no political role (all men created equal = all MEN created equal) |
| Continentals | Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless. |
| Loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence |
| Slaves and Native Americans' roles in the war | Not Applicable |
| Benedict Arnold | Successful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause. |
| Patriots | Colonists who wanted independence from Britain Jets suck. Hard dicks.Go Pats. |
| General Charles Cornwallis | British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded and sieged at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington |
| Yorktown | The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped a bit. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | Act passed at the very end of Adam's term, which created 16 new judge spots which Adams filled with federalists. These appointments known as "midnight appointments" |
| Marbury v. Madison | After Marbury (a judge) sued Madison (secretary of state) for his commission, Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave Marbury his commision, was unconstitutional. FIRST USE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW. |
| Judicial Review | the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional |
| John Marshall | Strong Federalist Judge, appointed by Adams, Supreme Justice from 1801 - 1835. Established many federalist ideas in the judiciary branch, like judicial review, and further asserted federal power over that of states |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | McCulloch claimed that state taxes on branch of federal banks was unconstitutional, Marshall ruled in favor of him, deeming that the bank charter was Necessary and Proper, establishing national law over state law. |
| Fletcher v. Peck | 1810- Dispute over land which made its way to the Supreme Court. State legislature's repeal of a law was deemed unconstitutional. Deemed that matters of constitutional interpretation should be heard in the Supreme court, asserted federal power over state. |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward | Ruled that charters are supported under the Contract Clause of the Constitution, reaffirmed powers of the federal government. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Marshall said that the National Government could regulate interstate commerce, reinforcing Commerce Clause of the Constitution. |
| Haitian Revolution | Slave uprising, led by Toussaint L'Oeveture, that occupied Napoleon's/ French attention during the time of the Louisiana Purchase. Resulted in L'Oeveture taking control of Haiti, and the establishment of first republic ruled by people of African descent. |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution, eventually won the freedom of his people |
| Napoleon | Dictator of France during early 1800s, sold Louisiana Territory to Jefferson because he preoccupied with Haitian Rebellion |
| Louisiana Purchase | Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory (830000 sq miles) to American Government for $15 million, controversial deal that Jefferson supported because provided the possibility for exapnding the empire for liberty. Faced opposition Federalists, who worried about balance in Congress being tipped toward western-southern alliance, and diluted "civilized character" of American people. DRs argued that wasn't "necessary of proper" |
| Burr-Hamilton Duel | After personal and political disagreements, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and fatally wounded him. Effectively the end of Burr's political career. Tried for treason by the Supreme Court, but Marshall acquitted him. |
| Lewis and Clark Expedition | (May 1804) Expedition into the Louisiana Territory to trace the Mississippi River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean; called the "Corps of Discovery" headed up the Missouri River; found a path through the Rocky Mountains and eventually traced the Columbia River to the Pacific; increased American knowledge of the territory and gave the U.S. a claim to the Oregon territory along the coast, led to increased knowledge of Native American culture |
| Treatment of Native Americans during Jefferson's administration | Most Americans thought all NAs were savages, took their land without second thought, although some NAs assimilated into white culture |
| Tecumseh | Leader of Shawnees, defied Treaty of Fort Wayne because they hated whites, pretty much |
| William Henry Harrison/Battle of Tippecanoe | Shawnees v. Indiana militia, losses on both sides, win for Harrison |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Spanish surrendered all claims to the remainder of Florida territory, drew the mexico border all the way to the Pacific, around northern border of modern Cali, US agreed to assume $5million in debts. |
| Chesapeake Incident | 1807 - The British ship HMS Leopard stopped the USS Chesapeake off the Chesapeake bay, and four alleged British deserters were taken off. Public outcry for the war followed and Jefferson was hard pressed to remain neutral. |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Jefferson's response to the cry for war. prohibited american ships from leaving port for any foreign destination, so they completely avoided France/Britain ships. Resulted in an economic depression, his most unpopular policy of both terms. |
| Non-Intercourse Act | Modified version of the Embargo Act, which allowed for open trade to all nations except for France and Britain. Started right before Madison's inaguration, ended 1810 |
| Macon's Bill Number 2 | Born after Non-INtercourse act expired in 1810Allowed trade with France/Britain, but gave president power to prohibit trade with any nation violating neutrality. |
| Causes of the War of 1812 | -Indians being generally annoying and invading when all the Americans did was take their homelands -French-British war neccesitated IMPRESSMENT policies -trade tensions -andrew jackson saying lets kill the indians and the spanish and then take their land |
| War Hawks | loose coalition of some Democratic-Republicans in Congress who believed the war was necessary to defend American citizens at sea ANDREW JACKSON, john C. Calhoun and Henry Clay leaders of faction Believed that war would also defend western southern land claims against Indians, florida. wHILE Federalists were focused on loss of commerce in NE, War Hawks were forcused on defending america's maritime and territorial rights. |
| Hartford Convention | THE END OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY, December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. |
| Andrew Jackson | General who decisively defeated a British invasion force near New Orleans "with a polyglot army of frontiersmen, blacks, creoles, pirates", gained a lot of popular support as a war hero |
| Battle of New Orleans | January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism |
| Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. |
| American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. |
| James Monroe | Last of the Virginia Dynasty hand-picked by Madison Elected with only one opposing electoral vote: a symbol of national unity |
| Henry Clay | 5 time failed presidential nominee, gay, stupid, most influential speaker of the house ever, catalyst of modern-day dirty politics "corrupt bargain," stupid |
| Virginia Dynasty | Four of the Five Presidents from Virginia. (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) The people wondered if all of the presidents were going to be from Virginia. This "dynasty" ended in 1824 with John Quincy Adams |
| Panic of 1819 | Andrew Jackson loses a bunch of money and starts to hate the bank. Resulted from inflation and the mass printing of money by the BUS |
| Missouri Compromise | Missouri applied for statehood, which caused debate in the Senate as Missouri would be a slave state and would upset the balance of slave v. free in congress. Henry Clay's solution was to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave, keeping the balance. Another part of the compromise was a provision that prohibited slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri, the (36 degrees 30') line. Debates were "a fire-ball in the night" - Jefferson |
| Monroe Doctrine | A lot of national revolutions in Latin America, so leaders feared that new Euro governments would try to restore colonial status. So, he sent a doctrine saying "if you stay out of our biz, we'll stay out of yours" although the european powers didnt take him that seriously, 30 yr span w/o serious foriegn involvement |
| National Road | part of the American system proposed by clay, part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling VA, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion, provided an increase/better way for transportation of goods from north to south, east west etc |
| Erie Canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Hudson river and lake erie. Allowed for faster transportation of goods |
| Governor DeWitt Clinton | Governer of new York that was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal |
| Voting Qualifications | in the new states, basically all white men could vote, and in older states the qualifications lightened up too. as a result, politicians had to appeal to more people of middle and lower classes. |
| Political Participation | more middle class men became involved in politics, and more lower class people cared, so politicians tried to appeal to the masses. |
| John C. Calhoun | war hawk represented southern interests democrat South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification |
| Martin Van Buren | VP to Jackson, basically his handpicked successor, but not very sucessful or liked because the Panic of 1837 fell under his term |
| Andrew Jackson | rebecca looks like a vampire |
| Election of 1824 | end of the era of good feelings JQA, Clay, Jackson Jackson won popular votes, but not the electorate so it went to the house Clay, the speaker of the house, convinced people to vote for JQA in return for position as secretary of state <-- Corrupt Bargain |
| Henry Clay | He ran for prez, but knew he wasnt gonna win, so he convinced people (using his position as Speaker of the HOuse) to vote for JQA in return for position as secretary of state |
| Corrupt Bargain | Jackson won popular votes, but not the electorate so it went to the house Clay, the speaker of the house, convinced people to vote for JQA in return for position as secretary of state |
| Election of 1828 | Very negative attack ads JQA (intellectual) v. Jackson (personality) Jackson won pretty easily cuz he had sabotaged JQAs political career during his presidency |
| Spoils System | Jackson gives his friends positions, therefore people do what he wants (example taney as secretary of treasury) |
| Jackson's "kitchen cabinet" | his cabinet were his friends, people he owed favors, etc. picked people because of their personal connection, not because of their political talents |
| Jackson and the Veto | used the veto more than all of the presidents before him combined - instead of vetoing laws that were constitutional, he vetoed laws that he didnt like (ex. maysville road veto) |
| Maysville Road veto | Jackson uses his power of the veto to veto this extension of the National Road, part of Clay's American System. Proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. Also showed strong executive power. |
| Tariff of Abominations | Jacksonains inherited Congress's 1828 Tariff of Abominations. creates rising sectional differences. led to the SC exposition, nullification, force act etc... |
| The South Carolina Exposition | nullified the tariff of aboinations, but not passed until 1832. jackson responded with the force act |
| Nullification | declaring that the law is unconstitutional, says that they dont have to follow it. follows the precedent of Virginia and Kentucky Resolution |
| Hayne-Webster Debate | Congressional debate about the tariffs issue, extended the states rights Hayne- Noth wants to crush other parts of couties Webster- spports republic as compact of citizens not of states Turns into argment over sectional interest (slaves, wward expansion) Jackson "Our Union, It must be preserved! |
| Tariff of 1832 | new tariff, worsens issue SC adopts nullification legislatiion, both tariffs are declared void |
| Force Bill | jackson's response to to SC's Nullification authorizes use or army/navy to enforce federal laws |
| Tariff of 1833 | Jackson + Clay create it to reduce previous tariffs, lets SC save face, compromise |
| Whig Party | Founders : Webster, Clay, Calhoun Based of British Party thats was against too much monarchial power (king jackson) |
| Indian Removal Act of 1832 | Jackson urges congress (ex. expansion of political power) to send Indians to Oklahoma and leave florida lands |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | Strikes down Cherokee nation status, Cherokee declared as 'domestic dependent nations" |
| Worcester v. Georgia | Marshal's ruling that Georgia could not exert its state law against the Cherokee +take their land. favored federal power. Jackson "let him enforce it" |
| Trail of Tears | the forced relocation in 1838 of the Cherokee Native American tribe to the Western United States, the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees. Resulted from an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act. |
| Indian Territory | area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most American Indians in the SE were forced to move in the 1830s |
| Jackson and the 2nd BUS | Jackson wanted to kill the bus personal animosities vs paper money fear of such a strong institution |
| Nicholas Biddle | the president of the Bank of the United States, held an immense and possible unconsitutional amout of power over the nations's finacial affairs |
| Roger Taney | Jackson's handpicked (without the consent of congress's) secretary of treasury, he removed gov. specie from the BUS and gives it to 'pet banks' |
| Pet Banks | Banks (state or wildcat) who received the specie taken from the BUS |
| Specie Circular | Issued by Jackson, carried out by Van Buren to control/protect gov. from inflation. Decrees that federal land can only be bought with silver/gold. Leads to panic of 1837 |
| Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. |
| Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge | 1837 Supreme Court Case, Chief Justice Taney ruled that a state had a right to place the public's convenience over that of a private or particular company, over the presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter. (Therefore a company that had a prior long,term contract for a toll bridge over the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge, and a monopoly on bridge traffic—could not prevent a second company from receiving another state contract to construct a competitive toll-free bridge) It advanced the interests of those who favored economic development. |
| Election of 1840 | Whigs blame Van Buren for economic trouble (independent treasury act), taking the presidency away from him. Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison, a proven vote getter (Tippecanoe), to win |
| Independent Treasury Act | A bill proposed by Van Buren to "divorce" the government from the economy, aka all payments to the gov are to be made in 'specie' to protect against inflation..., he believed this would help the economy. The act was repealed a year later by the Whigs, but reinstituted in 1847 |
| "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" | used by the Whigs party in 1840; william Henry Harrison; the hero of the battle of Tippecanoe, john tyler as vp |
| "Putting out system" | system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England |
| Samuel Slater | British mechanic that moved to America, in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. Known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin cemented the institution of slavery didn't even get rich because he's stupid |
| Interchangeable Parts | Interchangeable parts allowed the country to prosper: the north produced more maufactured goods with easier to maintain machines and factories, and the south's raw materials were in higher demand |
| King Cotton | Southern life revolved around cotton |
| Cotton Gin | allowed for faster picking of cotton cemented the institution of slavery |
| Elias Howe | invented the sewing machine shortly after the invention of the cotton gin, made manufacturing much easier gay for inventing a sewing machine |
| Conditions for the rich and poor | • Rich and Poor o Distinctions in class formed by "era of the Common Man"  In the north, very few held most of the wealth ïƒ very few had elite fortunes  Most northern Americans the "middling sort" of less affluent businessmen, merchants, artisans, etc. most not badly affected by 1837 depression  However elites kept themselves separate o Changes in homes of wealthy and middleclass  Families could enjoy iron cook stoves, rugs windows tubs soap lamps candles  Middling housewives hired domestic servants to take over chores  Sewing machines (invented by Elias Howe, Isaac Singer) • reduced time it took to make clothes, spread an interest in fashion • Became a curse for young women earning a living finishing textiles manufacturing  Most urban residents poor • 50 to 70% of artisans and immigrants could barely make ends meet • Could not get water, food • While elite neighborhoods became more elaborate, tenement districts decayed  African Americans • Had difficult living conditions • Phili had the most • Even if they achieved moderate success, still inferior |
| Daily life for northern farmers and city dwellers | ... |
| John Deere | OHMYGOD HES AWESOME blacksmith manufacturer founded Deere & company, largest manufacturing corporation of agricultural and construction goods in the world invented STEEL PLOW, fueled westward expansion |
| Cyrus McCormick | invented the mechanical reaper (harvested more wheat with fewer workers) |
| Railroads | westward expansion even though the country was getting bigger, it seemed to be getting smaller with improved infrastructure |
| Wage Slaves | paid factory workers made so little that they were basically slaves couldn't escape, because if they quit, german and irish immigrants would just take their jobs |
| Lowell Factories | was a cotton and wool manufacturing plant "put spinning and weaving under one roof" mostly women working at looms, showed wage differentials between men and women mass production of high-quality cloth |
| Manifest Destiny | term used by John L. O'Sullivan to express the popular belief that the US had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America; spurred by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals |
| Frederick Jackson Turner's Thesis | "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" -1893 Americans had developed a unique national identity as a result of their experience of the west Sectional contests, the presence of Indians, the rudeness of nature etc imparted onto American settlers a particular character: Democratic, pragmatic, forward-looking, individualistic (not all true, americans weren't all too nice, and a lot of struggling) |
| Oregon Trail | some fatties couldn't trade stocks or get any land so they went west and usually died trying to get there went from independence, missouri to oregon new cheap land, similarities to pilgrims |
| Adams Onis Treaty | Spain cedes Florida to the United States and gives up its claims to the Oregon Territory, after they first see Andrew Jackson |
| The Alamo | Santa Anna and his mexican forces annihilated Texan forces at the Alamo, a fort near San Antonio. Led to a great wave of anger against the mexicans, and nationalism --> "Remember the Alamo!" |
| Stephen Austin | Austin Texas named after him - Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish |
| Santa Anna | REASON FOR MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR Andrew Jackson successfully bribed in, proving he was corrupt Also the Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. |
| Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie | famous pioneers who defended the Alamo |
| Sam Houston | AWESOME One of Andrew Jackson's many proteges was an alcoholic, then became a senator and governor Went to Mexico to instigate rebellion ended up becoming to governor of texas while it was its own country |
| Annexation of Texas | 10 year debate, North against it because it would upset the political balance, annexed with Oregon to maintain balance 1845 under Tyler Led to annexation of California |
| John Tyler | elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk rand paul of 1840's |
| Election of 1844 | Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay (bitch) and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected |
| James Polk | the eleventh President of the United States. He threatened war with Britain then backed away and split the ownership of the Northwest with Britain. He is even more famous for leading the successful Mexican-American War. |
| "54-40 or Fight" | slogan used by james polk meaning that they would claim the oregon territory up to the 54 40 line, or fight the british (who also claimed this land) |
| John Fremont | American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the United States Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. First Presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform of opposition to slavery (lost election of 1856). |
| Bear Flag Republic | name for California before it became a state |
| General Zachary Taylor | Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. Taylor's forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero. "old rough and ready" |
| Mexican-American War | idk everything that's up there ^ |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million |
| Wilmot Proviso | proposed that slavery should not exist in Mexico, aroused sectional conflicts |
| Free Soilers | People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories |
| Election of 1848 | Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat/gay). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president |
| Gold Rush | a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold. |
| Irish and German Immigration | IRISH: Fleeing unemployment and destitute poverty in overpopulated Ireland MUCH MORE POTATOES Few had enough to even buy cheap land out west, so they stayed in the east working as unskilled laborers, on the waterfronts, on construction (CANALS) Women worked as domestic servants, seamstress Not payed a lot Catholic, outcasts, leaned toward Jacksonian democracy Boston: conflict between Whigs and Irish "east enders" very neighborly GERMAN: Already some in PA, so German communities already in place Dropped off tobacco ships, so dropped near NO, Baltimore, went to ST Louis and Texas Unlike Irish, arrived with some money, and with skills Many acquired prosperous trades, farms Made a considerable mark on cuisine and culture |
| Nativists (Know Nothiings) | like "someone beat up that Irishman? i know nothing!!!!!!" |
| Second Great Awakening | An outburst of religious ferver in the 1820s, in which free will played a key role in salvation, revivals which appealed to peoples emotion Baptism and Methodism were new sects Women very involed in the movement made up a majority of new church members -- taught that women could pplay a key role in brungung their hubbys and families back to god, in turn save society Americas national mission to be an exemplar for the rest of the world evangelical religion made social reform a moral imperative |
| Charles Grandison Finney | "Each Christian should have the determination of being useful in the highest degree possible" |
| Mormons | New sect of Christianity that was looked down upon for the role of polygamy in the life style, moved out to Utah. Founded by Joseph smith, who was given the book of Mormon by and angel and later killed. |
| Joseph Smith | He was responsible for forming the Mormon sect of Christianity. This new sect was an American one and not European in origin as with all the other sects. |
| Brigham Young | The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state. |
| Horace Mann | United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859) |
| Women's Education | haha, that doesn't exist |
| Dorothea Dix | Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums |
| Temperance Movement | a movement to reduce the consumption of alcoholic, which was very high. this movement was popular amoung women, who had to face their husbands drinking away savings, and alcohol related problems such as job loss, fights, and domestic abuse |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | Came from France to America in 1831, observed democracy in government and society. His book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. |
| Cult of Domesticity | glorifying the role of the woman in the house, her job to make a good home, to be a wife and mother, but her role is primarily in the home |
| Suffrage Movement | women's demand for suffrage (Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton), 19th Amendment granted women suffrage |
| Abolitionist Movement | the movement concentrated on ending slavery in the United States |
| Lucretia Mott | A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848 |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." |
| Susan B. Anthony | Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation |
| Grimke Sisters | Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, womens rights movement, .and the abolitionist movement |
| Seneca Falls Convention | seneca ny, started the women's rights movement, Susan B Anthony, Stanton, Mott. Declaration of Sentiments, which said all men and women are created equal |
| Declaration of Sentiments | "all men and women are created equal" - Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention |
| Brook Farm | where a core of NE radicals who abandoned their urban and industrial communities to go, many Unitarian ministers and scholars of romanticism, a movement that streessed emotion, imagination, and freedom from social conventions. |
| Oneida Community | kind of utopian society, radical free love advocates Oneidans formed one family in complex marriage in which any saved man or woman could have intercourse with any other, but only certain males were selected father children, who were raised communally. Many viewed this as a scandal, but survived successfully for many years. |
| Shakers | founded in 1744 when Mother Ann Lee left the Quakers to establish a community of equal brothers and sisters that would replace the traditional family. practiced celibacy. settled in communities on the fringe of existing towns, totaling about 6000 members in 8 states |
| Mother Ann Lee | left the Quakers in 1744 to found the Shaker community (see Shakers) |
| Hudson River School | school of painting that romanticized the landscapes of New York's Catskill and Adirondack mountains in nationalistic tones. |
| Thomas Cole | Artist who tried to capture what it was to be an american. founded the hudson river school. |
| Knickerbocker Group | group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes |
| Transcendentalism | sought to transcend the bounds of the intellect and strive for emotional understanding and unity with God without the help of institutional religion, which they felt was stifiling to self expression proved a basis for intellectuals to scrutinize and follow one's conscience |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery.He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War, which he believed would increase slavery. |
| Walt Whitman | Poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. Part of the Romanticism movement, emphasized emotion over rationalism |
| Edgar Allen Poe | Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Nathaniel Hawthorne has his adulterous couple in The Scarlet Letter rejected by their community for violating the norms established for orderly living. Their individual redemption can occur only outside the community, in the next world. |
| Herman Melville | Herman Melville served eighteen months as a whaler. These adventuresome years served as a major part in his writing. Melville wrote Moby Dick, which was transcendentalism and demonstrated that both individualism and cooperation fail against the forces of nature. |
| Historiography of Slavery | "peculiar institution" necessary for the economic development of our country |
| David Walker | He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. |
| Frederick Douglas | Self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star. |
| Sojurner Truth | Gained her freedom in 1827 when New York state abolished slavery. Traveled the country speaking out against slavery. Her original name was Isabella Van Wagner. |
| Grimke Sisters | 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights. |
| Harriet Tubman | American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| The Liberator | An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | "Little woman who wrote the book that started the great big war" |
| Southern Economy | Cotton No railroads Depended on slavery |
| Slave Trade | New importation of slaves became unnecessary "renewable labor force" |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion | Nat Turner believed he had been chosen to lead people out of slavery; 80 followers; attacked 4 plantations; killed 60 whites; captured tried and hanged (religious) |
| Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves |
| Free African Americans | "freemen" |
| States rights | According to the compact theory of the Union, the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution. |
| Free-Soil Party | Political Party that supported the Wilmot Proviso and believed that all new land should be free, active mainly in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections. Included Walt Whitman and Charles Sumner |
| California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. First person to discover gold, John Marshall |
| Zachary Taylor | Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (mexican-american war). won the 1848 election. surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. he died during his term and his vice president was millard fillmore. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Series of legislation addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. California was admitted as a free state, Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands West of the Rio Grande river, the territory of New Mexico was organized with popular sovereignty, the slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C., and the Fugitive Slave Law was passed It temporarily defused sectional tensions in the United States, postponing the secession crisis and the American Civil War. Also repealed the compromise of 1820. |
| Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty |
| Omnibus Bill | A single document that is accepted in a single vote by a legislature but contains amendments to a number of other laws or even many entirely new laws. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Passed 1850, this law stated that all citizens were required to assist in the recovery of runaway slaves and fugitives slaves could not get a jury trial |
| Commodore Matthew Perry | the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. |
| Ostend Manifesto | The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state. |
| William Walker | A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made. |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | 1854 - This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. |
| Bleeding Kansas | A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. |
| Sack of Lawrence | 1856 - beginning of Bleeding Kansas; Proslavery raiders shot up and burned part of Lawrence |
| John Brown | Anti-slavery leader who attempted to start a massive slave uprising by seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859. |
| Pottawatamie Creek | Somewhere over the rainbow |
| Brooks-Sumner Caning | Sumner (Free-Soiler) attacks Brooks's uncle viciously and personally in a speech to Congress. Brooks later f*cks him up with a hickory cane. |
| Formation of the Republican Party | • northern Whigs could no longer claim a national party and many north democrats despised Douglas's compromise over Kansas with the south • free-soilers +American party = Republicans • consisted of: • former northern Whig abolitionists • former free-soilers • northern democratic voters who agreed that slavery should be kept out of the territories but allowed to persist in the South • reformers (temperance, religion, education, immigration in home states) • northern and western merchants b/c it promised a strong nat'l gov't to promote commerce and internal improvements • northern and western farmers • ABRAHAM LINCOLN • stood for: • NO SLAVERY IN NEW TERRITORIES • Strong national government to promote commerce and internal improvements • Individualism |
| Election of 1856 | In this presidential election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican candidate John C. Fremont. He won the general election by denouncing the abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850, and supporting the principle of noninterference by Congress with slavery in the territories. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens |
| Lecompton Constitution | Pro-slavery constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election, supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. |
| Panic of 1857 | The California gold rush increased inflation; speculation in land and railroads "ripped economic fabric"; hit the North harder than South because the South had cotton as a staple source of income; the North wanted free land from the government; drove Southerners closer to a showdown; caused an increase in tariffs; gave Republicans an issue for the election of 1860. |
| Abraham Lincoln | U.S. statesmen, 16th president. Led Union to victory in Civil War. Assassinated. Sometimes called "Honest Abe". |
| Lincoln Douglas Debates | 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate |
| Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. |
| Confederate States of America | The confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession form the Union. South Carolina, Texas, Mississippi, Florida, Alabam, Georgia, Louisiana in 1861 |
| Jefferson Davis | an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 Former Senator from Mississippi |
| Crittenden Compromise | A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states' decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open. |
| Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War, no deaths. Lincoln sends supplies, but not troops so he doesn't look like the aggressor. |
| Border States | States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. Important - had the South succeeded in attaining the border states, the Union would have lost |
| General Winfield Scott | Was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, the American Civil War. |
| Anaconda Plan | Union plan to block all of the Confederate's resources, strangling them economically by taking over water ways with the navy. |
| Battle of Bull Run | July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody |
| General George McClellan | Appointed by Lincoln to head the Union army of the East; Lincoln was frustrated when he failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, fired |
| General Robert E. Lee | Commander of Confederate Army. Great leader, Lincoln wanted him as the leader of the Union Army |
| Stonewall Jackson | Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | "Unconditional Surrender" Grant Threw bodies at the South |
| Battle of Shiloh | 1862 Civil War Battle; resulted in greater Union control over the Mississippi River valley |
| David Farragut | Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge |
| Trent Affair | In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release. |
| Antietam | Bloodiest day of Civil War. No clear victor, but gives Lincoln reason to declare the Emancipation Proclamation. Denied the South the decisive victory to gain foreign support. |
| Matthew Brady | One of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of Realism |
| Civil War Draft | At first depended on volunters, but then North issues a draft. Rich men could escape the draft by paying. South also drafted, and slave owners and overseers of over 20 slaves were exempted. |
| Draft Riots | Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers |
| Legal Tender Act | Lincoln signed in 1862, authorized $150 million in greenbacks. Confederacy never made its paper money legal tender, responded by making more paper money, which accelerated southern inflation. |
| Suspension of Habeas Corpus | Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over. |
| Experiences of the Soldiers | Disease (Soldiers drank from the same river they urinated in at war camps) Desertion of Troops, especially in the South (unmotivated, because the ones who really wanted the war (slaveholders) did not have to fight) "Rich Man's War" Rich were exempt from duty if they paid $300, and several millionaires were made by the Civil War Ate Tack - ****** rock hard bread |
| Andersonville | Worst prisoner camp in the Civil War, located in Georgia. Disease killed hundreds of people every day |
| Morrill Land Grant | This was a federal grant, in which the federal government donated land to states to make colleges on. 30000 acres per legislator (this way the education in each state would be proportional to the population) |
| National Bank Act | Passed February 1863 Mainly used to create steady way of keeping track of money during Civil War Evolved into Federal Reserved First National banking system since B.U.S. |
| Bread Riots | Women in Richmond confront Governor Letcher (Virginia) about high prices of food. He offered no solution, so they turned into an angry mob and start rioting. Jefferson Davis shows up, and the ringleaders get arrested. |
| Role of Women during Civil War | Worked as nurses, risking lives Took charge of households Hardships |
| U.S. Sanitary Comission | Orgy-nization developed to provide medical supplies and assistance to Union armies in the field |
| Dorothea Dix | Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums |
| Clara Barton | Founded the American Red Cross (1881) |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Abraham Lincoln, Sept 22,1862 "Freed the Slaves" Jan 1, 1863 Only applied to Confederate States, where he had no jurisdiction |
| Battle of Gettysburg | Worst battle of the war, 50,000 killed Pennsylvania, Sarah Farthest the South would reach Solidified Northern victory |
| Pickett's Charge | 3rd day of Gettysburg Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run (across an open field) where they get slaughtered by the Union army |
| Vicksburg | Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. |
| Total War | The channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort. Came with Civil War and WWI New technology made war much more deadly |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Lived (1820-1891)United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (Sherman's March the the Sea) Burned Charleston to the ground "Sherman Neckties" represent total annihilation of the South |
| Election of 1864 | Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected. Lincoln wins |
| Appomattox Courthouse | The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War |
| Aftermath of the Civil War | SOUTH GETS FUUUUUUUUUCKED |
| Brooks Sumner-Caning | Congressmen Preston Brooks attacked Charles Sumner on the floor of the senate with a cane after Sumner (abolitionist/free-soiler) attacks his uncle in a speech. |
| Formation of the Republican Party | Whigs and Northern Democrats who despised Kansas/ Nebraska Policy formed a new party. some northern abolitionists and free soilers joined |
| Election of 1856 | Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty |
| 10% Plan | This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally establish their state governments. This plan, which was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction. |
| Charles Sumner | Gave a speech in May 1856 called the "Crime Against Kansas" Speech. Abolitionist, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to Senate for 4 years. Became symbol throughout the north. |
| Thaddeus Stevens | A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress. Helped draft 14th Amendment |
| Wade-Davis Bill | 1864; Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. |
| Pocket Veto | When a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it |
| John Wilkes Booth | American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. |
| Andrew Johnson | A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. |
| Presidential Reconstruction | occurred from 1865-1877 and was an attempt from President Abraham Lincoln to reunite the North and the South. Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan, the Wade-Davis Bill and the Freedmen's Bureau were all part of the reconstruction plan. Because Lincoln's Reconstruction plans were cut short after his assassination in 1865, new President Andrew Johnson took matters into his own hands by announcing that on the ratification of the 13th Amendment, Southern states would be re-admitted into the Union. |
| Oath of Allegiance | Oath that had to be taken by southerners, said they were loyal to the union, and that they repudiated slavery |
| 13th Amendment | This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States. |
| 14th Amendment | 1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) No confederate debts |
| 15th Amendment | Ratified 1870. One of the "Reconstruction Amendments". Provided that no government in the United States shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
| Black Codes | Restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans; 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land; 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts' 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Provided food , clothing, education, medical care to former slaves. Established by Congress in 1865. |
| Civil Rights Act | In 1866, the Civil Rights Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and combat the Black Codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. It led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment. |
| Congress v. President Johnson | Congress: This guy's a cheeky ***er. Let's ** with him and pass a law that says he can't do ***. Other Congress: YEAH! Congress: Tenure of Office Act, SUCK IT. Andrew Johnson: *** you guys, I'm not going with this ***. Congress: IMPEACH! Andrew Johnson: Hahahaha, **** no. |
| Wendell Phillips | An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, this man founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833. |
| Reconstruction Act | It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote. |
| Suffragists | Those (mostly female) who were active in seeking voting rights for women as an inherent right for all individuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Saw black men getting rights before white women, and were like wtf. Susan B. Anthony included. |
| Tenure of Office Act | Required the president to secure consent of the Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved. Instated to protect Radical Republican Secretary of State Stanton. |
| Impeachment of Andrew Johnson | Republicans didn't like him, because he was a Democrat. Actually, no one really liked him. |
| Scalawags | name given to Southerners, often Unionists, accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence. |
| Carpetbaggers | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political, economic, or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states. |
| Ku Klux Klan | White-supremacist group formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915. |
| Hiram Revels | Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded |
| Meaning of freedom | For blacks, more psychological than material. |
| Sharecropping | system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops |
| Tenant Farming | system of farming where farmers rented their land from the landowner, and were allowed to grow what ever crop the prefered. |
| Debt peonage | condition of sharecroppers who could not pay off their debts and therefore could not leave the property they worked |
| Election of 1868 | The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace." The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868. "Waved the bloody shirt" |
| Election of 1872 | President Grant was renominated, without opposition, at the Republican convention at Philadelphia in June 1872. The Republican platform condemned racial and religious discrimination and called for granting women greater rights. President Grant's opponent was Horace Greeley of New York. He was first nominated by the "Liberal Republicans" who wished to protest the corruption of the Grant administration. The Democrats were in such disarray that they were unable to select a candidate and therefore endorsed Greeley. Greeley's campaign primarily on the theme of "more honest government". Most Americans still found Grant popular, and were convinced that he was not responsible for the corruption in his administration. Thus, they re-elected Grant. |
| Waving the bloody shirt | After a political party wins a war, they can "wave the bloody shirt" to the wars beneficiaries for a couple of elections to gain votes. |
| Horace Greeley | An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. |
| Redemption | ReDEMption More rabies. |
| General Amnesty Act | A\n act passed that reenfranchised ex-confederates that previously had been barred from voting after the resolve of the civil war (re-allowed them to vote). It was intended to take votes away from Grant, who had obviously been a Union General. While it did increase the Democrat's numbers by a good deal, since the black vote still outweighed them and Grant's opposition was split between two candidates, Grant still won. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and denied states' the right to restrict blacks of their property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor. Johnson vetoed this, but Congress voted to override the veto. |
| Slaughterhouse Cases | Group of cases resulting in one decision by the Supreme Court in 1873 that contradicted the intent of the 14th Amendment, stating that most citizens rights remained under state, not federal control. |
| Election of 1876 | Hayes wins. Samuel Tilden had more votes, and neither got the the majority electoral. Results in the Compromise of 1877 |
| Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river |
| New South | The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy |
| Crop Lien System | In this system, storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for blacks, was not unlike slavery, because they couldn't be removed for sharecropping or tenant farming while still in debt. |
| Lost Clause | uhhhhh its like this movement the southern states went through that started out as reembering the past of the better south and then transformed into a rememberence for the lost soldiers in the war but im not sure |
| Jim Crow Laws | The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 |
| Poll tax | A tax a person is required to pay before he or she is allowed to vote. Used in many southern states after the Reconstruction period to restrict African-American citizens' right to vote. |
| Literacy Test | A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. |
| Grandfather Clause | A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. |
| Segregation of facilities | part of "separate but equal" Facilities were separate, but there was no one to enforce the equal part |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | (1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendment) provided that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites. |
| Lynchings | Elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality. |
| Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. |
| Atlanta Compromise | Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | African American leader who helped form the NAACP (national association of the advancments of colored people). Believed that blacks should take action. |
| Punani | Alex |
| Massacre at Wounded Knee | A massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux left the reservation because of the killing of Sitting Bull, their chief. The US Army killed 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee, and the Massacre at Wounded Knee became the last major conflict in the Great Plains. |
| Westward Settlers | Large % of migrators were foreigners (ex: Norwegian, Swedish, German, Irish, Canadian, Chinese, Hispanic). However, most of them were still from the US (1870-1900 over 2.5 million native born Americans moved West). Native born migrants: 1) believed their crops would best adapt if they stayed at the same latitude as their home; 2) usually prosperous farmers, merchants, or professionals; 3) mainly male if moving to work in mines, timber, or livestock industry; 4) stream of migrants changed according to economy (up during booms, down during depressions); 5) tended to move more than once. Railroad companies, new western states, and land speculators encouraged migration |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage the filling of the Great Plains and to provide a stimulus to the family farm. Land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and no precipitation. |
| Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad | Became easier, faster, and safer for settlers to move west. Populization led to urbanization and connected the country. |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie | Sioux agreed to live on reserves along the Missouri River. The federal government promised this land would be theirs forever. |
| Battle of Little Bighorn | The government ordered all Sioux to leave their territory to put a stop to raids. This broke out into a battle that took place near the Little Bighorn River. In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died. |
| Colonel George Custer | An American officer who led an expidition in 1874 of explorers and gold-seekers into the land promised to the Sioux, sparking conflict which lead to the Great Sioux War against the Sioux tribe in the Dakota region. |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | Author of "A Century of Dishonor" (1881); the book created sympathy for Native Americans. |
| Dawes Act of 1887 | Dissolved tribes and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. |
| Living in the Wild, Wild West | oh its just talking about general life in the west like the lack of certain jobs and the violence and drinking and prostitution |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | Bill passed by Congress in response to labor disputes that prohibited all immigration from China until 1943. |
| Turner's Frontier Thesis | American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier. The frontier encouraged individualism and democracy. |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) Believed that the government shouldn't intercede in economy. Capitalism. |
| Laissez-faire | Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs |
| Horatio Alger | United States author of inspirational (rags to riches) adventure stories for young lads. |
| William Graham Sumner | 1840 - 1910 , philosopher that supported Social Darwinism. |
| Social Darwinism | Formulated by Herbert Spencer, said that human race driven forward to ever greater specialization and progress by the brutal economic struggle. Struggle resulted in survival of the fittest: Rich were strong, poor were weak. Really liked by upper middle class. |
| Andrew Carnegie | (1835-1919) Scottish immigrant, started poor but became successful. Became head of Carnegie Steel, largest steel corporation at the time, first to user the Bessemer process. Used vertical integration. Bought out by JP Morgan. |
| Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. |
| Edward Bellamy | Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end. |
| Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. |
| Gustavus Swift | In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigerated cars. He monopolized the meat industry. |
| Vertical Integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution |
| Horizontal Integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. |
| John D. Rockefeller | American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the first U.S. billionaire. |
| Standard Oil Company | John D. Rockefeller's comapny, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies. |
| Trusts | Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. |
| JP Morgan | Most powerful banker of the 1800's who used banking profits to gain control of major corporations. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | 1890 First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices. |
| Frederick W. Taylor | The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911. Promoted efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like. |
| Terrence Powderly | Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883. |
| Wages and working conditions for workers | Wages increased, but the wages of skilled workers improved much more than unskilled workers and there were regional variants (Southern workers earned less that North and Midwest). Large number of workers remained very poor and although they improved their condition over time, it was only by putting the entire family to work. Workers resisted many new work restrictions through cooperative alliances and wildcat strikes |
| Child Labor | In the late 1800s a significant portion of the labor force was made up of children under the age of 15, some as young as 5 years old. These child laborers did not attend school. They worked in sweat shops which were workshops in tenements rather than factories. |
| American Federation of Labor | 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. |
| Great Railroad Strike | July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men. |
| Knights of Labor | 1869. Led by Uriah S. Stephens. Demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot. |
| Haymarket Square Incident | After the McCormick reaper works locked out its employees in Feb 1886 and reopened in March with nonunion labor, and police killed 2 anarchists in a May 3 rally, a group of 1200 anarchists met the following day in Haymarket Square (downtown Chicago) to protest deaths of anarchists killed in rally. 180 police arrived and ordered away protesters, leaving 330. As police moved in, someone threw a bomb->police regrouped, firing guns and clubbing people, 1 policeman dead and 60 people injured. Results: people then hated anarchists and broke force of direct labor resistance to new industrial order for next decade |
| Samuel Gompers | Born in London 1850, emigrated to US 1863. Believed in "pure and simple" Unionism-> concentrated on concrete benefits over more ambitious agenda of Knights. Prez of AFL from 1886 to 1924 |
| Depression of 1893 | Failure of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad sparked chain reaction. RR construction stopped therefore demand for steel dropped and banks failed. Lingered 4 years, by 1894 nearly 3 million workers idle |
| Jacob Coxey | Wealthy quarry owner from OH who, starting Easter Sunday 1894, lead 500 unemployed men, women, and children from OH to Washington with expectation that many more would join. Planned to present govt with petition in support of public works program of road building. When he arrived, 100 police routed them and arrested Coxey for trespassing on the grass of the Capitol grounds |
| Pullman Strike | Pullman Palace Car Company layed off large number of workers; those who kept jobs had wages greatly reduced, but rent in model factory town was not reduced. May 1894 workers went on strike and in June ARU helped by boycotting all Pullman cars. Strike spread rapidly and resulted in delaying mail and increasing RR traffic in Chicago area. Under pressure from business community of Chicago, Prez Cleveland sent troops July 4-> sparked widespread violence. After a few days, order restored |
| Homestead Strike | 1892 workers at steel plant in Homestead, PA objected to reducing wages-> manager Henry Frick ordered lockout, hired 300 strikebreakers and built barbed wire fence around plant to keep out workers. July 6, strikebreakers tried to sneak into the plant and workers attacked. After all day battle, Pinkertons surrendered, 3 Pinkertons and 10 strikers dead. By Oct, with help of 8000 militia troops, Frick hired new workers and forced strikers to accept harsh settlements. Ended effective organizing of steel industry for 50 years |
| Eugene Debs | Official of locomotive firemen's union, led ARU to form powerful alliance of all railroad workers: largest single union in the nation. Founder of socialist party in 1900 |
| IWW (Wobblies) | Industrial workers of the world, most radical group. Under Haywood, envisioned utopian state run by workers. Small group, but accepted blacks, women, and immigrants |
| New Immigrants | Cheaper and better transportation made immigration more possible. Conditions at home and hope for better opportunities encouraged most people to leave for America. Millions of jewish families from eastern Europe fled to America following Russian persecution. In the mid 1800s most of the immigrants came from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, China, and Scandinavia. Then in the late 19th century waves of immigrants from different countries began. Many came from Italy, Poland, Russia, Austria, hungary, Greece, turkey, and Syria. The most common were 1. Italian catholics (5 million between 1876 and 1930) 2. Slavs (4 million)3. Jews (2million). Immigrants lived in major cities. |
| Tenements | low-cost housing, small room that is made to serve as an apartment to a family unit. One tenement was often shared by more than one family, and there was no living space. in 1890 2/3 of new york's population lived in one of its 32,000 tenement buildings. Conditions in tenements were horrible. New immigrants usually lived in tenements. |
| Problems in inner cities | Many vice districts and skid row neighborhoods popped up across the countries which were filled with prostitutes, gamblers, pimps, and society's outcasts. Best known Red light districts were Tenderloin in New York, Barbary Coast in San Fran, and Storyville in New Orleans. Cities were unkept, full of trash, had awful odors. No city's had clean drinking water. Epidemics easily spread in cities where there were concentrated populations in city slums.poverty and crime rates soared, homicide rate tripled in 1880s. |
| Political Machines | Ran by ich men who held political office and controlled sectors, called "Bosses". They gave money to build infrastructure in their sectors and assisted those who needed financial help. They were the most significant anthropologists, and everyone knew who they were. In exchange for the benefits they gave, they expected votes to keep their political office. Made election process extremely corrupt. |
| William Marcy (Boss) Tweed | Most famous of the bosses. Rose through the ranks of NY's Tammany Hall political machine by serving multiple public service positions. In 1870 Tweed got NY to spend more than 12 million on internal improvements, by ordering large quantities of goods from local suppliers who patronized him. Tweed was arrested in 1871 on 104 counts of fraud and liberty. |
| Tammany Hall | New York Political Machine. Scammed city into spending $12 million on a construction project, that could have been completed for a much lower price. Tammany Hall existed for almost 150 years. Tweed was the head between 1858 and 1871. |
| Joseph Pulitzer | Part of the evolution of newspapers. Bought the New York World in 1883. |
| William Randolph Hearst | Bought the San Francisco Call, a newspaper, in 1887. |
| Mark Twain | First American author born west of the Mississippi river. Wrote fiction books. Displayed contemporary society through books, exposing the flaws of corruption, materialism, and hypocrisy.Most famous book is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. |
| Theodore Dreiser | Wrote Sister Carrie which traces the downward journey of an innocent country girl who is corrupted by urban pleasures and becomes a prostitute. |
| Stephen Crane | Author. Viewed life as a relentless struggle in which powerful social forces determine an individual's fate. |
| Frank Norris | Wrote The Octopus in 1901 about a predatory railroad that destroyed wheat growers in the nation's heartland. |
| Gibson Girl | Became a popular icon of the new women. She was shown relishering her freedom by being active (biking, playing tennis, or playing golf) |
| Frederick Law Olmstead | Architect of New York's Central Park, first major public park in the United States. Helped harmonize the city and bring rural beauty. Influenced the behavior of lawless and unfortunate people. Built in the 1850s. |
| Comstock Law | Introduced to congress by Anthony Comstock, the founder of the New York Society for the Supresssion of Vice. Was the most powerful spokesman for censorship. The law banned any mail that was designed to incite lust. Comstock was made a special agent to the postmaster general, and confiscated a large quantity of mail that was believed to violate this law. |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union | Protestant middle class women who led the national crusade against alcohol, which led to the constitutional amendment in 1919 banning alcohol. |
| Role of Public Schools | In 1890 most cities had compulsory schooling between certain ages. Attendance in public schools increases from 6.9 milion to 17.8 million in 1910. And the number of public schools rose from 500 to 10,000. Public schools were viewed as the place where immigrant children would go and become americans. |
| Ulysses Grant | U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time. |
| Whiskey Ring | Grant presidency, head John McDonald, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. |
| Credit Mobilier | Scandalous company created by Union Pacific Railroad insiders, it distributed shares of its stock to Congressmen to avoid detection |
| Patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support |
| Charles Guiteau | An American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was executed by hanging. |
| Roscoe Conkling | A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms. Framed for Garfield's murder. |
| Stalwart faction | Led by Senator Roscoe Conkling, it swapped civil service jobs for votes |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons. Removed patronage due to loss of incentive on politicians' part |
| James Blaine | Republican nominee for president in 1884, previously a Secretary of State |
| Grover Cleveland | "Grover the Good", 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes |
| Benjamin Harrison | the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. |
| McKinley Tariff | 1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States and eliminated duties on sugar. In return for its passage, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was given Republican support. Resulted in Depression of 1893, and recession in Hawaii (domestic sugar source) |
| Populists | Promoted a strong government that will reduce economic inequality, regulate businesses, and impose strincter social and criminal sanctions |
| Greenbacks | Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war. |
| Specie Resumption Act | Issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers |
| Munn v. Illinois | (1877) United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads. Munn - storage corporation Illinois wanted to put ceiling on storage rates |
| Grangers | 1867. Led by Oliver Kelly The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers. During the late 1800's, the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws. |
| Republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them |
| Changes in state Constitutions | Most states had written and adopted new state constitutions by the state legislatures. In a few of the states, a proposed constitution was submitted to a vote of the people for ratification. Each state constitution began with a bill listing the basic rights and freedoms that belonged to all citizens. Most powers of state governments were given to three seperate branches: a two house legislature, an elected governor and a court system. The right to vote was extended to all property owning white males. The right to hold office was held to a higher property qualification than the voters. |
| Articles of Confederation | John Dickinson drafted the first draft of the Articles. Congress then modified Dickinson's plan to protect the power of the states. Most matters could be determined in Congress by a simple majority. Control of the western lands stayed in the hands of the people and states. Each state was given one vote in the unicameral house legislature. Gave congress the power to wage war, send dimplomatic messages, and borrow money. Did not have the power to regulate commerce or taxes. Led to the downfall. |
| Impact of the Revolution on religion | Most states adopted the principle of seperation of church and state. The anglican church was disestablished in the South and only in three new england states did the Congressional Churhc continue to receive state support from a religious tax. This practice was finally discountined in New England in the early 19th century. Freedom of religion. |
| Accomplishemnts of Articles | -Winning the War, Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinace of 1787 |
| Impact of the Revolution on Slavery | The institution of slavery contradicted the spirit and morale of the revolution, yet still continued to exist. The Continental Congress voted to abolish the importation of slaves, and most states went along with the prohibition. Many slaves had "taken their freedom" and ran away during the war. The british army freed the majority of Georgias salves. The northern patriotic army also accepted hundreds of African American volunteers. |
| Bank of North America | (1781) The first bank in the US, modeled on the Bank of England, helped to solve the wartime fiscal crisis. Instead of issuing paper currency through a land office, as farmers wanted, the bank issued money in the form of short-time loans backed by gold and silver plate |
| Queen Elizabeth | Had rivalries with other monarchs sparked Britain's Western exploration |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | one of the sea dogs tried ti start numerous colonies in the New World |
| Roanoke Colony | vanished, only the word "croatoan" remained believed to have joined a neighboring Indian tribe |
| Defeat of the Spanish Armada | showed English naval dominance belief in "protestant wind" |
| James I | continued Elizabeth's policies of exploration granted charter to virginia company, jamestown named after him |
| Virginia Company | started jamestown |
| Joint-stock company | everyone is motivated, all have something to gain/lose |
| Jamestown | first permanent English colony started as expedition for valuables |
| Powhatan | Indian tribe surrounding jamestown |
| Pocahontas | assisted Jamestown married Jon Rolfe, saved John Smith's life when he was captured |
| John Smith | President of Jamestown, 1608 installed new work policies to ensure its survival |
| John Rolfe | rich tobacco planter |
| House of Burgesses | first legislative assembly in America (at Jamestown) |
| Headright system | heads of households get 50 acres, plus 50 more for each direct family member and/or servant brought to new world encouraged the family unit in America |
| Lord Baltimore | Roman Catholic passed Maryland Toleration Act |
| Maryland | First proprietary colony meant as a refuge for roman catholics, became a religiously lenient state |
| Act of toleration of 1649 | allowed christians of any kind to live in Maryland |
| Indentured servitude | poor conditions, even worse than England first wave of servants became successful, but it became harder to succeed with each coming wave of servants |
| Life in the Chesapeake | revolved around tobacco, the cash crop needed indentured servants and slaves |
| role of women and families in the Chesapeake | first settlers were all men, women and children shipped over later |
| Slave Trade | "triangle trade" africa produced slaves, europe produced manufactured **** and america produced raw materials |
| Nathaniel Bacon | fairly successful plantation owner frustrated about not being able to take part in government |
| Governor William Berkeley | oppressed religious minorities (puritans, quakers) |
| Bacon's Rebellion | rebellion against rigid-ing social structure attracted the poor, who wanted more land |
| Mayflower | ship that transported English separatists (Pilgrims) |
| Mayflower compact | first governing document of plymouth colony no one really cares about this **** |
| Puritans | believed that the Church of England "wasn't Christian enough" wanted no luxuries, to follow bible word for word wanted to purify christian church |
| Pilgrims (separatists) | called for a total break from church of england oliver cromwell was a separatist |
| plymouth colony | second successful English colony in the New England region eventually annexed by Massachusetts Bay colony |
| "City upon a hill" | "the eyes of all people are upon us" used by Massachusetts Bay leaders, telling the colonists to set a good example for future settlers |
| John Winthrop | founded Massachusetts Bay colony governor multiple times gave "city upon a hill" sermon |
| Protestant Work Ethic | believed that all jobs were important anyone who worked hard could connect with God led mass. bay colony to be more productive |
| Town Meetings | results usually pre-determined only male landowners/puritans could attend |
| Life in Puritan New England | not as bad as Puritan stereotype could enjoy life, but not too much |
| Anne Hutchinson | preached crazy **** in her house, gained followers banished from Massachusetts Bay colony for not conforming ended up in New York, killed in Indian raid |
| Roger Williams | proponent of religious freedom, started colony of Rhode Island as refuge |
| Rhode Island colony | looked down upon by other colonies criminals and nonconformists sent there tolerant, had fair dealings with Indians |
| Halfway Covenant | new church designed to re-ignite religious interests of second and third generation colonists |
| Puritan family structure | large families father was always head of household |
| Pequot War | Mystic massacre where alex burned down an entire Indian village and 600 Indians were killed stirred Indian resentment against Europeans |
| King Phillip's War | metacomet's war last significant Indian revolt for a while |
| Henry Hudson | discovered Hudson River hired by Virginia Company and British East India Company to find water route to Pacific |
| Dutch West India Company | granted a charter for slave monopoly helped Dutch colonization |
| New Netherland | Dutch colonial province that spanned the New England coastline initially used as a series of trading posts |
| Peter Minuit | purchased Manhattan from Native Americans for his shoes |
| Peter Stuyvesant | governor of New Netherland until it was seized by the English wall street & broadway built while he was in office |
| New Sweden | Swedish colony along the Delaware River |
| South Carolina | comprised of aristocrats and plantation owners Charlestown was a wealthy trading town fertile soil, good for farming |
| North Carolina | divided amongst 8 proprietors |
| William Penn | crown owed his father a debt for helping restore him to the throne repaid in land Quaker, religiously tolerant |
| Pennsylvania | charter included representative government fair dealings with Indians, high religious tolerance economy based on furs, timber |
| Quakers | believed that no priest was needed in order to contact God religious outcasts, sought refuge in New World |
| Social classes in the Chesapeake | social lines eventually became very rigid slaves, servants, could not move up |
| Tobacco farming | highly lucractive, provided much-needed income required a lot of attention and labor, thus the need for slaves |
| Crops in South Carolina | cash crops tobacco, rice, indigo |
| Georgia | served as buffer for the colonies against Spanish and Indians relatively lightly populated had a ban on slavery until James Oglethorpe returned to England |
| James Oglethorpe | founder of the colony of Georgia had hoped for Georgia to become refuge for the poor |
| Stono rebellion | more like stoner rebellion |
| Stono Rebellion | slave rebellion is SC, 80 slaves killed 50 white dudes, all got executed in the end led to anti-slave-cruelty laws |
| Navigation Acts | acts passed by Parliament to restrict colonial trade aimed to give England the benefits of colonial development |
| Dominion of New England | joined large amounts of british colonial land created by James II as a way to enforce the Navigation acts, as well as protect from the French and hostile Indians more effectively |
| Sir Edmund Andros | governor in chief of the Dominion of New England captured during the Boston Revolt, returned to be the governor of Virginia |
| Glorious Revolution | William and Mary take England with no bloodshed showed that Parliament had greater power than before |
| Enlightenment | new ideas explaining natural occurrences with science belief in God among intellectuals decreased |
| Sir Isaac Newton | sparked ideas about Enlightenment w/ gravity, laws of motion, etc |
| John Locke | one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers believed in liberty and equality father of liberalism |
| Benjamin Franklin | major American political figure, one of the founding father key figure in American Enlightenment (harnessing electricity, wave theory of light, meteorology, etc all disproved God's almighty power) |
| Great Awakening | an attempt to not only restore but reform the church scary ****! |
| Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God | speech that installed a new fear of God for commoners by Jonathan Edwards (no thanks to alisom) |
| George Whitefield | English Methodist leader who helped ignite the great awakening had a spellbinding effect on normal people |
| Old lights and new lights | refers to the splitting of the Church denominations new branches = new lights |
| Newburgh Conspiracy | The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan. |
| Americans Economic Woes after Revolution | Reduced foreign trade and limited credit due to nonpayment of war debts contributed to widespread economic depression. The inability to levy taxes and printing worthless paper by many states added to the porblems. States placed tarrifs and restrictions on moving goods across state lines. |
| Shay's Rebellion | this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | It set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized. The ordinance set up townships that were 36 sq miles where each plot of land was 1 sq mile and the 16th plot was sold for public schooling. The action was a huge success for the new government; it prevented a second revolution and was used for the later frontier states. |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery |
| Annapolis Convention | A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention. |
| Constitutional Convention | The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. |
| Patrick Henry | An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Henry served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution. |
| James Madison | The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. |
| Virginia Plan | James Madison introduced this place which called for a national government that had unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation, the right to veto any state law, and use military force against the states. It also specified a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both Houses who also named judges and the President |
| New Jersey Plan | Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states. |
| Alexander Hamilton | Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States. |
| Roger Sherman | Of Connecticut worked out a compromise that he hoped would satisfy both the large and small states. His compromise called for the creation of a two-house legislature. |
| Great Compromise | Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house |
| Federalism | A type of political system in which legislative power is divided between a central or federal legislature and a number of state or provincial legislatures. |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | a compromise between northern and southern states that broke the deadlock over how slaves should be counted for purposes of representation. three fifths of slaves would be included in population totals, benefiting southern states that had the largest concentration of slaves by inflating their representation in the House of Representatives. |
| Federalists and Anti Federalists | Federalists FULLY supported the Constitution; the ANTI-Federalists wanted to add a Bill of Rights before approving the Constitution |
| The Federalists Papers | This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. |
| George Washington | Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. |
| Bill of Rights | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions. |
| Tariff Act of 1789 | Tax on imports and all foreign shipping. It was meant to raise money and stimulate the merchant marine rather than to protect any industry. |
| Report on Public Credit | This was the first of three major reports on economic policy issued by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States. Hamilton proposed a remarkable set of policies for handling the debt problem. All debts were to be paid at face value. The Federal government would assume all of the debts owed by the states, and it would be financed with new U.S. government bonds paying about 4% interest. |
| Assumption of the debt | to take all the debt and put it on the national governments debt in order to get the creditors on the national government's side. Jefferson wanted to assume the national debt |
| Loose v. Strict Construction | Strict Constructionists (Jeffersonians) believed in the strcit interpretation of the constitution Loose Construction (Alexander Hamilton) didnt interpret the constitution literally. |
| Report on Manufactures | A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies. |
| Democratic-Republicans | Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank |
| US response to the French Revolution | Washington wanted to remain neutral. The Republicans supported the French and the Federalists supported the British. |
| Neutrality Act of 1793 | an act stating the president's decision not to support the french against the English in the war between them during the french revolution |
| Citizen Gent | A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Gent after Gent began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Gent U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Gent. |
| Jay's Treaty | Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley |
| Pickney's Treaty | 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. |
| Treaty of Greenville | This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. |
| Washington's Cabinet | hamilton (secratry of treasury), jefferson (Secratary of state), henry knox (secretary of war) |
| Thomas Jefferson | A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality |
| John Adams | Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. |
| XYZ affair | incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues |
| "undeclared war" | The period of overseas conflict between the British and the US navies prior to the declaration of war in 1812. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. |
| Nullification | the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress |
| Election of 1800 | Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. |
| Aaron Burr | served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him. |
| Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a peaceful "revolution." |
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