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7 Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Choose a problem 2. Research your problem 3. Develop a hypothesis 4. Design an experiment 5. Test your hypothesis 6. Organize your data 7. Draw conclusions Grams Measurement of Mass Liters Measurement of Volume Meters Measurement Length Topographic Map A map that shows elevation by contour lines Scale Represents the differences in size between the world and the map Contour Intervals Represents the difference in elevation between adjacent lines Geology The study of the Earth's physical structure Oceanography The study of the oceanic Phenomena Meteorology The study of the weather Astronomy The study of the universe as a whole Lithosphere Crust and Upper Mantle Athenosphere Lower Mantle Mineral A naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. 8 Characteristics to Identify Minerals Color Streak Luster Crystal FormHardness Cleavage Fracture Density Intrusive Igneous Rock Form when magma cools beneath the Earth's surface. Extrusive Igneous Rock Form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, becoming lava, and then cools Rock Any solid mass of mineral or mineral like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet What Powers the Rock Cycle? Continuous processes such as Earth's water, air, and land. (Melting, cooling, eroding, transporting, etc...) Weathering Any process that breaks rocks into sediments Erosion Involves weathering and the removal of rock through processes such as water, wind, ice, and gravity Deposition When the processes weathering or eroding the rock lose energy and drop the sediments Contact Metamorphism Hot magma is forced into existing rock. Regional Metamorphism When Rocks are subjected to extreme pressures and temperatures 3 agents of Metamorphism Heat Pressure Hydrothermal Solutions Latitude The distance North or South of the Equator Longitude The distance East or West of the Prime Meridian Dependent Variable Y axis Independent Variable X axis Constructive Boundaries Divergent Boundaries: Lithosphere is created Deconstructive Boundaries Convergent Boundaries: Lithosphere is destroyed Ring of Fire Zone of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean Absolute Dating Gives you the approximate age of the rocks Relative Dating Gives you the sequence in which the rocks were formed Convection What moves the plates, currents in the mantle provide the basic driving forces for plate motions