Important people of 18th century Europe
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Created by:
KTsquared on January 19, 2011
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2014 IB Quizlet Sharing PHUHS, Super Awesome Alliance of K.Was Fanatics, Was's Pre-IB World History 2010-11
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Louis XIV | his legacy: because of his 4 wars and overindulgence (Versailles), there was debt, more territory to keep track of, and unhappy populace, as well as a 5-year-old great grandson as heir |
| Duke of Orleans | regent for Louis XV; drunken gambler |
| John Law | Scottish economist hired by the Duke of Orleans as a "quick fix" to jump-start France's failing economy (his "solution" was the Mississippi Company) |
| Cardinal Fleury | another regent for Louis XV who balanced the budget for awhile andpursue a peaceful foreign policy because he foresees that war will destroy France (and it does - they lose an entire empire!) ultimately he fails b/c guess who gets involved in war... |
| Louis XV | lazy and weak French king who is overdependent on the nobles and actually restores Parlements; lived a life of self-indulgence (i.e. extravagant part-ays at Versailles) -- if it's not his problem he's not going to deal with it; may have said "It will survive my time, after me, the deluge." |
| Louis XVI | another incompetent king in France who doesn't understand the French gov't and is unable to make effective decisions concerning state affairs |
| Marie Antoinette | a spoiled Austrian princess who was Louis XVI's wife; participated in court duties at Versailles and ignored the growing tension among the French populace; may have said "let them eat cake!" when she learned the peasants were starving |
| George I | initiates the Hanoverian Dynasty; couldn't speak English and didn't understand English traditions, thus, he chose a minister (Robert Walpole) to set policy and guide Parliament -- demonstrates a shift in monarchial power |
| George II | didn't understand English traditions (this guy could speak English) |
| George III | insane (talks to trees); under his rule the American Revolution occurred and Great Britain lost an empire ): |
| William Pitt the Elder | crucial to the 7 Years' War in that he used Parliamentary power to convince the king that the British Empire could not coexist with the French Empire (used Black Hole of Calcutta to create nationalism); completely reformed the British navy and they start defeating France |
| William Pitt the Younger | provides stability for England after the American Revolution and Bute/Wilkes crisis |
| Robert Walpole | first prime minister of England who maintained a peaceful foreign policy ("let sleeping dogs lie") since he was a member of the gentry (less war = less taxes he has to pay); also provides economic stability -- with the failure of the South Sea Company he makes sure the gov't insures people so they haven't lost all their money: hence, the people TRUST the gov't and the economy |
| Lord Bute | the prime minister elected after Pitt the Elder b/c the king is fearful of how much people love Pitt and not HIM ~ fearful of change ~ and so the king moves radically to the right by electing LORD Bute, a noble -- i.e. aristocratic resurgence |
| John Wilkes | owner of the newspaper "North Briton" and he uses this to attack the king/Lord Bute saying that they are taking away the people's LIBERTY; became so popular he was elected to the House of Commons but they wouldn't seat him b/c they saw him as a demogague (someone who manipulates people's emotions in hopes to further their own alternative agenda) |
| Frederick William I | first king of Prussia who helped centralize his state via Junkers, the General Commissariat, and the General Directory |
| Frederick II | second Prussian king who believed he was the "first servant of the state"; ignores the Pragmatic Sanction and seizes the Austrian territory of Silesia, thus initiating and War of Austrian Succession and (partly) the 7 Years' War; relied on Junkers more than his fathe b/c he was buds with Voltaire thus his paradigm = the appropriate class of people are the nobles |
| Charles VI | the heirless father of Maria Theresa; made all the kings in Europe sign Pragmatic Sanction which would allow Maria to peacefully take the throne after him |
| Maria Theresa | empress of Austria who was a staunch Catholic and pursued only limited reforms for practicality - she wanted to strengthen and centralize her state so she removed the diets and replaced them with royal officials - now clergymen and nobles pay property + income taxes to royal officials and not diet representatives |
| Peter III | hubby of Catherine the Great; he so appreciated Frederick the Great (the second one) that he pulls all the Russian troops out of the 7 Years' War |
| Catherine the Great | she's great b/c she expands Russia westward by gaining more than 1/3 of Poland and defeats the Turks -- Treaty of Kuchk-Kainjari = gains access to the Black Sea + privelege of protecting Christian Greek Orthodox's in Ottoman Empire; writes Instructions for the nobles to ponder stuff like serfdom, torture, etc.; deals with the Pugachev Rebellion by burning her entire library of Voltaire's works and establishs the Charter of Nobility |
| Joseph II | probably the most enlightened of all the rulers at this time; his two major reforms (there were a lot) = complete religious toleration and German as the official language of Austria; his reforms alienate everyone, even the serfs, b/c it's such a radical change - peopel are used to traditions and when you take away structure, chaos occurs; considers himself a fail (as seen on his grave) |
| Leopald II | undoes all the major reforms established by Joseph II, including serfdom |
| Charles "Turnip" Townshend | makes the 3 crop field system more efficient by eliminating the third field as "fallow" and replacing it with turnips, which, like the waste of the livestock, produce nitrogen for healthier soil for the plants to grow in while also providing food for humans and livestock |
| Jethro Tull | invents the seed drill which more efficiently plants seeds deep in the ground (away from the birds) |
| Arthur Young | writes Travels of 1787, 1788, and 1789 ~ being English he is critical of how the French land is unexploited and just sitting there |
| Pugachev | initiates Pugachev's Rebellion in Russia (is he a demogague?) |
| Hargreaves | invents Spinning Jenny (more efficient way to make thread) |
| Richard Arkwright | invents the water frame - powered by horse/water and combines the flying shuttle and the Spinning Jenny for more efficiency |
| John Kay | invents the flying shuttle - yarn can be weaved more efficiently |
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