Organic Compounds
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 organic compound | compounds containing the element carbon |
| hydrocarbons | compounds made up of C and H |
| methane | CH4 |
| saturated hydrocarbons | A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds. |
| isomers | compounds with identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes |
| enantiomers | right and left-handed isomers; mirror images of each other; can have identical physical properties |
| unsaturated hydrocarbon | Compound, such as ethene or ethyne, that contains at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms |
| compounds ending in -ane | single bonds, saturated hydrocarbon |
| compounds ending in -ene | double bonds, unsaturated hydrocarbon |
| compounds ending in -yne | triple bonds, unsaturated hydrocarbon |
| aromatic compound | a compound that contains a benzene structure having a ring with 6 carbons; most have a distinct odor |
| benzene ring | a ring of six carbons joined with alternating double and single bonds (C6H6) |
| fused -ring structure | an aromatic compound that is made up of two or more benzene rings fused together |
| naphthalene | an aromatic compound with 10 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms; 2 benzene fused-ring structure; used in moth balls |
| substituted hydrocarbon | a hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by atoms of other elements |
| alcohol | a hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an -OH group |
| ethanol | C2H5OH; grain alcohol that comes from corn |
| carboxyl group | -COOH; found in organic acids |
| petroleum | an oily, dark-colored, flammable liquid found in the earth, consisting mainly of a mixture of various hydrocarbons. |
| fractional distillation | The process by which petroleum can be separated into simpler components, called fractions, as they condense at different boiling points |
| fractionating tower | big metal towers used in petroleum refineries to separate petroleum into fractions by their boiling points |
| polymers | A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain. |
| monomers | smaller molecular units that join together to form polymers |
| polyethylene | polymer formed from a chain containing many ethylene units; used in plastic bags and bottles |
| polypropylene | polymer used in the making of glue and carpets |
| polystyrene | polymer used in foam cups and packing peanuts |
| depolymerization | process using heat or chemicals to break a polymer chain into its monomers |
| proteins | large organic polymers formed from organic monomers called amino acids; make up many body tissues such as hair, muscles, tendons, and hemoglobin; 15% of total body weight comes from protein |
| amino acids | the monomers that combine to form proteins' your body breaks protein into amino acids and then uses the amino acids to build the protein you need |
| hemoglobin | a protein polymer that carries oxygen in your blood, it contains four peptide chains coiled around each other; each chain has an atom of iron |
| peptide | a compound containing two or more amino acids in which the carboxyl group of one acid is linked to the amino group of the other. |
| nucleic acid | essential organic polymers that control the activities and reproduction of cells |
| DNA | nucleic acid built of complex molecules called nucleotides; found in the cell nucleus; it codes and stores genetic information and controls the production of RNA |
| 4 base pairs of DNA | adenine and thymine cystosine and guanine |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of protei |
| carbohydrates | compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms; ex. sugars and starches |
| sugars | carbohydrates that provide your body quick energy ex. sucrose, fructose, glucose |
| starches | carbohydrate of large polymers built of sugar units; provides long-lasting energy |
| lipids | biological compounds containing the same elements of carbohydrates but in different arrangements and combinations; includes fats and oils |
| monounsaturated | unsaturated fat having one double bond ex. olive oil |
| polyunsaturated | unsaturated fat having two or more double bonds |
| cholesterol | found in meats, eggs, butter and cheese; it is a lipid but not a fat; your body produces it in the liver; it is a precursor of many hormones |
| pheromones | chemical used in communication among individuals of the same species |
| ribose | sugar found in RNA |
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