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True breeding If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic Allele One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes Genotype Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possesses for a certain trait Phenotype The observable expression of an organism's genes Homozygous genotype A genotype in which both alleles are identical Heterozygous genotype A genotype with two different alleles Dominant allele An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype Recessive allele An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is the homozygous in that allele Pedigree A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations Monohybrid cross A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait Dihybrid cross A cross between two individuals, concentration on two definable traits Autosomes Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual Sex chromosomes Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual Autosomal inheritance Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome Genetic disease carrier A person who is heterozygous in a recessive genetic disorder Sex-linked inheritance Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes Mutation A radical chemical change in one or more alleles Change in chromosome structure A situation in which a chromosome loses or gains genes during meiosis Change in a chromosome number A situation in which abnormal cellular events in meiosis lead to either none of a particular chromosome in the gamete or more than one chromosome in the gamete