| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Leakey | Discoverers of the earliest known human skeleton |
| prehistory | before writing |
| archaeology | study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind. |
| anthropology | study of human life and culture |
| australopithecines | first hominids |
| Homo erectus | "upright human being" |
| Homo sapiens | "wise human being" |
| Neanderthals | lived between 100,000 and 30,000 B.C. |
| Homo sapiens sapiens | wise wise human being |
| Paleolithic Age | early period of human history (2,500,000 - 10,000 B.C.) |
| Neolithic Revolution | shift from hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture |
| cuneiform | "wedge-shaped" |
| Sargon | Akkadian ruler that over ran Sumerian city-states around 2340 B.C., to create the first empire. |
| Hammurabi | Babylonian king that created a collection of 282 laws. |
| Old Kingdom | Egyptian Age of prosperity, from 2700 - 2200 B.C. |
| Bureaucracy | an administrative organization with the officials and regular procedures |
| Middle Kindom | Egyptian age of stability, 2050 - 1652 B.C. |
| Hyksos | group of people from western Asia that invaded Egypt, and ruled it for about 100 years |
| New Kingdom | Egyptian period from 1567 - 1085 B.C. when Egypt became very militaristic |
| King Solomon | King of Israel at its height |
| ziggurat | temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess |
| Uruk | Sumerian city state |
| Assyrian Empire | Empire that included Mesopotamia, parts of the Iranian Plateau, sections of the Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. |
| Chaldeans and Medes | group of people that made the Assyrian Emipre colapse in 612 |
| Loess | a yellowish deposit found in China |
| millet | fast growing cereal plant |
| citadel | a fortress, usually on high ground |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Chaldean King who made Babylon the leading state |
| Cyrus | created a powerful Persian state |
| satrapies | Persian provinces |
| satrap | governor |
| Royal Road | stretched from Lydia to Susa |
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