| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Naturalization Law of 1802 | reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years. |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeship's and other judicial offices. |
| Midnight Judges | Judges who worked late |
| John Marshall | federalist judge, chief of Justice, who was not kick out after the Judiciary Act of 1801. He shaped the American legal tradition more than any other person. |
| William Marbury | James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut his salary. He sued James Madison for his pay; He ended up getting his pay but the decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution. |
| Judicial Review | the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality |
| Samuel Chase | supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. |
| Tripoilitan War | The leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States. Jefferson sent the new navy to Tripoli and after 4 years of fighting, a deal was reached. The U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans. |
| James Monroe | Jefferson sent him to join Robert Livingston in Paris in 1803 to buy as much land as he could for $10 million. He negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million. |
| Robert Livingston | along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million. |
| Toussant L'Ouverture | leader of Napoleon's ex slaves who put up a stubborn resistance. |
| Louisiana Purchase | Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World Empire. Robert Livingston and James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million. The Americans had signed 3 treaties and gotten much land to the west of the Mississippi. 820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre. |
| Merriweather Lewis | personal secretary who Jefferson sent to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. |
| William Clark | young army officer who Jefferson sent to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. |
| Sacajawea | a Shoshoni woman who aided Lewis and Clark ascend the Missouri River from St. Louis, struggle through the Rockies , and descend the Colombia River to the Pacific Coast. |
| Aaron Burr | Jefferson's first-term vice president; after being dropped from Jefferson's cabinet, he joined a group of extremist Federalists who plotted the secession of New England and New York; Alexander Hamilton uncovered the plot. He challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton accepted. Hamilton refused to shoot and he was shot and killed by Him |
| General James Wilkinson | the corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory; made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida; betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot; Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by James Madison and he fled to Europe. |
| Orders in Council | the edicts closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at the British port |
| Impressment | forcible enlistment of sailors, crude form of conscription that the British had employed for over four centuries |
| The Chesapeake | a royal frigate that overhauled a U.S. frigate, about ten miles off the coast of Virginia, |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | It banned the exportation of any goods to any countries. With the act, Jefferson planned to force France and England, who both depended on American trade, to respect America and its citizens, who had been killed and captured by both countries. The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans. |
| Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 | It opened up trade to every country except France and Britain. |
| James Madison | became president on March 4, 1809. |
| Macon's Bill #2 | It reopened American trade with the entire world. Napoleon convinced James Madison to give Britain 3 months to lift its Orders in Council. Madison did, but Britain chose not to lift its Orders in Council, and Madison had to reenact the United States's trade embargo, but this time just against Britain. led to the War of 1812. |
| William Henry Harrison | governor of the Indiana territory; defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe. |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | the Shawnee were defeated by William Henry Harrison, which made him a national hero. It also discredited the Prophet and drove Techumseh into an alliance with the British. |
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