Ch 21: Life in the Industrial Age
Order by
65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 (Henry) Bessemer | developed and patented a process of making steel from iron |
| (Alfred) Nobel | swedish chemist who invented dynamite, which was safer than other explosives of the time; fortune used to fund ____ prizes |
| (Michael) Faraday | english chemist; invented the first electric motor and dynamo; all modern generators/transformers operate on his principle |
| (Thomas) Edison | invented the first electric light bulb |
| (Orville and Wilbur) Wright | American bicycle makers who invented and flew the first airplane for a few seconds in 1903 |
| (Guglielmo) Marconi | italian who invented the radio and used it for morse code from Britain to Canada |
| (Alexander Graham) Bell | American; patented the telephone |
| (Samuel F.B.) Morse | developed the telegraph |
| dynamo | generates electricity; invented by Faraday |
| interchangeable parts | components that can be used in place of one another; improved efficiency and repair of products |
| assembly line | workers add parts to a product moving on a belt from one section to the next |
| stock | shares in a company sold to investors to gain capital |
| corporations | giant businesses that are owned by many stockholders and can expand into many areas |
| big business | an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods; some came to control entire industries |
| monopolies | huge corporate structures that controll entire areas of the economy |
| steamships | replaced sailing ships |
| rail lines | connected inland cities; ability to build transcontinental ___ came during this era; tunnels and bridges developed |
| automobiles | powered by an internal combustion engine |
| (Karl) Benz | patented first automobile |
| (Henry) Ford | first to make 25mph cars, first to mass produce cars, making the USA a leader in the automobile industry |
| (Louis) Pasteur | supported and proved the germ theory; developed rabies and anthrax vaccines; invented pasteurization |
| (Robert) Koch | identified the tuberculosis bacterium |
| anesthesia | allowed doctors to do many more operations |
| (Florence) Nightingale | nurse who worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals; founded the world's first nursing school |
| (Joseph) Lister | discovery of antiseptics to prevent infection; sterilization |
| urban renewal | rebuilding of the poor areas of a city; widened streets, increasing safety; created jobs |
| sewage systems | use of ___ decreased death rates from epidemics such as cholera; brought clean water to houses |
| (Philipp) Semmelweis | discovered why many women died in childbirth from infection- cadaverous poisoning |
| mutual aid societies | self-help groups formed by workers to help injured workers |
| labor unions | used to demand better wages and conditons; pressured gov'ts to pass laws |
| cult of domesticity | idealization of the woman and home; did not apply to lower classes |
| temperance movement | a campaign by women to limit or ban alcohol use |
| (Elizabeth Cady) Stanton | american who fought against slavery and organized a movement for women's rights |
| Susan B. Anthony | teamed up with Stanton to fight for women's rights |
| suffrage | women were 'too emotional' for this |
| Sojourner Truth | women's suffragist |
| teacher training | the purpose of Normal Schools |
| compulsory education | term applying to the requirement that girls and boys must be schooled from 5-10 years of age |
| colleges | only available for sons of middle or upper class families; taught more complex subjects |
| (John) Dalton | developer of modern atomic theory; each element has its own type of atom |
| (Dmitri) Mendeleyev | drew the periodic table |
| (Charles) Lyell | theorized that the earth had formed over millions of years before any life forms appeared |
| (Charles) Darwin | came up with the controversial idea that all forms of life evolved in a slow process and the theory of natural selection |
| social Darwinism | led to racism because of the claim that the success of western civilization was due to supremacy of white race; applied theory of natural selection to war and economics, which 'weeded out' weak nations |
| HMS Beagle | sailed on a 5 yr voyage to survey and chart world oceans; Darwin while a passenger collected samples of organisms that founded his theory of evolution |
| Galapagos islands | one of the areas visited by the HMS Beagle |
| social gospel | a movement towards social service; backed by protestant churches; reforms in housing, healthcare |
| romanticism | an artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion; often centered around the glorification of nature |
| Lord Byron | a romantic writer who led a rebellious, wandering life and fought alongside Greece for freedom and died of fever there; the term for a romantic hero is named after him |
| (Johann Wolfgang) von Goethe | wrote Faust, a dramatic poem about a scholar who exchanges his soul for youth |
| (Charlotte) Bronte | author of Jane Eyre, about a quiet governess and Byronic employer with a secret |
| Beethoven | Romantic composer; combined classical music with passion to create emotion; first to use all instruments that are in a modern orch. |
| (JMW) Turner | landscape painter; captured the beauty and power of nature; often showed tiny humans struggling against nature |
| Delacroix | French painter who conveyed energy and emotion through dramatic action |
| realism | an artistic movement meant to represent the world as it was w/o any sentiment; often focusing on the harsh side of life |
| Charles Dickens | author of Oliver Twist, which shocked mid-class readers with its vivid picture of poverty, crime, and the mistreatment of children |
| Victor Hugo | author of Les Mis, in which hunger drove a man to crime, and the law hounded him afterwards |
| (Henrik) Ibsen | author of a Doll's House and An Enemy of the People, which criticized strict social rules and hypocrisy |
| (Gustave) Courbet | realist painter of the working class "I cannot paint an angel b/c i have never seen one" |
| (Louis) Daguerre | one of the first photographers |
| Impressionism | a style which captured the first fleeting scene as if at a glance; began in paris because there was no point ot paint realism when a camera could do the same thing |
| (Claude) Monet | impressionist painter who painted the cathedral at Rouen many times |
| (Edgar) Degas | impressionist painter who preferred off-center compositions |
| Van Gogh | postimpressionist painter who modified his style of impressionism to use sharp brush lines and a dreamlike quality |
| (Paul) Gauguin | postimpressionist painter who modified his style of impressionism to depict flat people with brooding colors and intense feelings |
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