Industrial Revolution Test
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Created by:
chitown_glory11 on January 22, 2011
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Benefits of Industrial Revolution | allowed opportunities for employment, made work much faster, most inventions are still used today, population growth, creation of new social classes |
| Why Great Britain? | Land (had a lot of coal and iron, excellent harbors which is good for trade, and many rivers for transportation), Capital (had money and goods such as tools, machines, equipment, etc.), and Labor (growing population and migration of workers from farm to city) |
| Flying shuttle | weaves faster than spinners and produces thread |
| Spinning Jenny | 8x more thread as a single spinning wheel |
| Waterframe | too big/reed water and to operate a mill |
| Spinning Mule | combines spinning jenny with waterframe and produces fine quality thread but not enough |
| Power Loom | 20x hand-loom operator |
| Steam engine | by James Watt in 1712, very expensive to operate, used water from mines, can explode |
| Macadam roads | by John McAdam, layers of small stones topped by large stone |
| Railroads | by George Stephenson in 1829, called "The Rocket" |
| Steamboats | by Robert Fulton in 1807, called "The Clermont" |
| First Bakery with Electricity | by Alesandro Volta in 1800 |
| Magnetic Effect on Electrical Currents | by Andre Amprere in 1820 |
| Morse Code | by Samuel Morse in 1838, operated by a machine click |
| Morse Cables | in 1850's across English Channel to Great Britain to Europe |
| Cyrus Field | in 1866, takes cable under Atlantic Ocean |
| First Telephone Call | on 3/10/1876, "Mr. Watson-come here-I want to see you." |
| Gasoline | in 1886, powered automobiles |
| First car | in 1893, four horsepower with a two-strobe motor |
| Urbanization | people were on the move, factory needed people, Robert Owens wanted a Utopia for others, process by which cities grow as population shifts from rural to urban areas. |
| Manchester | Birthplace of industrialization, grew polluted, crowded, and death. in northern england. |
| Tenements | poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived |
| Means of Production (Middle Class) | factories, workshops, and other tools that produce wealth |
| Class Consciousness (Middle Class) | identification with other members of one's economic class-for example, industrial workers or middle-class pros. |
| Middle Class Culture | education, universities, hard work, thrifty, self-denial, sobriety |
| Middle Class Religions | Jews would step towards converting to Christianity |
| temperance movement | movement to ban alcoholic drinks |
| Middle Class Home Life | separate spheres (middle class life was strictly run apart from work life), marriage (the main purpose of a young woman was to marry and once married, her purpose is to run the household), women (they just spent money, meaning they order and shop for everything for the house including clothes and food), children (raised to be obedient, respectful, clean, and orderly. physical punishment was normal. educated at home by a tutor.) |
| Triumphs + Complications of Working Class | condition was brutal, long workdays, changing work was humiliating, working class included servants and butlers |
| Work + Domestic Life of Working Class | children worked, but labor laws changed that, women worked at lower wages, concerns of health. methodists. |
| Worker's Responses | independent farmers, artisans, pride in craft, and identification with work were all gone. marx-alienation. |
| Poverty of Industrial Societies (capitalism's part) | capitalism developed alongside industrialization, increasing the efficiency of production, extending markets around the world, but also brought social problems. |
| Early Socialists | karl marx, frederich engels, francouis babeuf, claude henri de saint-simon, and charles fourier |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. |
| Frederich Engels | Worked with Karl Marx to develop Marxism, and helped write a couple of books that outlined the ideals of Marxism and communism, and how the world will advance toward it. |
| Francois Babeuf | believed all things of material should be shared |
| Claude Henri de Saint-Simon | first major utopian socialist, said nation was industrial society |
| Charles Fourier | French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements. |
| Standardized Time | Workers had to arrive on time to start shifts, anyone who was late faced consequences. Also trains would leave on certain times, so people had to keep track of the time to know when to leave. |
| factory | building or series of buildings where workers in a particular industry are gathered together to increase speed and volume of production |
| mechanization | manufacturing process in which machines replace hand work. |
| cotton gin | by Eli Whitney in 1793, allowed easy removal of seeds from raw cotton |
| Industrial Revolution | changes in manufacturing involving mechanization of production and the use of power sources other than human or animal muscle |
| mass production | production technique based on the division of labor, uniform products, and competitive prices that increased both quantity and quality of production. |
| capital | wealth available for investment in the production of goods for the market |
| entrepreneur | person who manages economic activity by assuming the risks and enjoying the profits |
| duties | taxes, usually charged on products crossing a regional or national boundary |
| Calico Act | in 1721, a british act that limited the importation of cotton cloth from India |
| Bank of England | national bank established in 1694 that facilitated the circulation of capital during the Industrial Revolution |
| Eden Treaty | treaty between France and Great Britain in 1786, permitting the import of British manufactured goods into France |
| industrial take-off | the point at which industrialization continues to grow on its own |
| interchangeable parts | precision manufacture of identical parts so that if the original part breaks or wears out, it can be replaced |
| Alsace-Lorraine | region of northeastern France in which France industrialization was concentrated before 1850. |
| Ruhr | region in western Germany that became a center of industrial production and metal industry |
| Saxony | region in southeastern Germany important in German industrialization |
| Werner Siemens | german inventor and businessman who established his first factory in Berlin which produced electrical goods |
| Zollverein | German Customs Union dominated by Prussia and important in Prussian unification of Germany |
| proletariat | people who own absolutely nothing except their own workers, or industrial workers. so sad. fail. |
| capitalists | individuals whose income comes from capital |
| tariffs | taxes charged on imported goods that raise consumer costs and add to gov revenues |
| New Lanark | Cotton mill town on Clyde River in Scotland where Robert Owen combined profit making with efforts to improve worker's lives |
| Robert Owen | Scottish industrialist and utopian socialist who attempted to incorporate cooperative principles in his factories |
| Wilhelm von Humboldt | German philosopher, linguist, and statesman, after whom Berlin's main university is named |
| Samuel Smiles | Scottish writer who achieved fame through books promising success and hard work |
| Victorian | term referring to the reign of queen victoria and carrying a connotation of sexual restraint, humorlessness, and social conservatism |
| Reform Judiasm | movement to modernize Jewish life retaining the religious core of Judaism but eliminating many differences from Gentiles in everyday life |
| Benjamin Disraeli | English writer and conservative statesman who was a fave of Queen Victoria |
| assimilation | process by which one ethnic or cultural group takes on the attributes of another |
| Charlotte and Emily Bronte | English writers and poets who wrote Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights |
| George Sand | French female author of more than 80 books who took on a man's name and dressed like one to protest the treatment of women |
| George Eliot | English novelist born Mary Ann Evans whose books showed social and moral problems of lower middle class |
| Edwin Chadwick | English social reformer who worked to improve conditions for the poor through better hygiene and government programs |
| laudanum | opium dissolved in alcohol, a popular though habit-forming sleep aid in the nineteenth century |
| Charles Dickens | famous English novelist |
| Fyodor Dostoevsky | Russian writer |
| Methodism | Religious movement in 19th century Britain that preached self-control, frugality, and hard work, appealing primarily to working-class people |
| alienation | Marx's concept of the breakdown, under capitalism, of worker's pride in and identification with the product of their labor |
| William Cobbett | English politician reformer who advocated radical working-class politics, elected to Parliament after the Reform Act of 1832 |
| trade unions | organizations having the aim of protecting workers' rights, improving their conditions, and enhancing their prosperity |
| capitalism | eco system characterized by private property and a market economy developed by industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| elitist | belief that a small and superior group of individuals haas the moral right and responsibility to make important social and political decisions |
| radicalism | political ideologies that strive for thoroughgoing political and social changes |
| socialism | political movement of 19th and 20th centuries that aimed to end poverty by spreading profits throughout society |
| utopian socialists | people who believed that the profits of the industrialization should be used to improve living conditions throughout society |
| kibbutzim | collective agricultural settlements set up by Jewish settlers in what is now Israel in the late nineteenth century and continuing to the present |
| consumer cooperatives | organizations of consumers who band together to obtain better prices from producers and share any profits derived from sales |
| communism | radical political philosophy proposed by Marx, advocating the abolition of private property and an inevitable violent workers' revolution |
| dialectical | process of thought that achieves a higher synthesis by reconciling two ideas that contradict |
| progressive income tax | tax on money earned with high eaners paying a greater % of income than individuals earning less |
| Francosi Guizot | French historian who believed that hard work would improve the poor's economic condition |
| Communist Manifesto | This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. |
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