Digestive System
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 amylase | enzyme secreted by salivary glands and pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose ( a disaccharide) |
| peristalsis | the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along |
| ingestion | the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) |
| cardiac sphincter | located at the base of the esophagus and functions to prevent food materials from entering the esophagus from the stomach |
| pyloric sphincter | circular muscle that controls the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestines and prevents its backflow |
| pepsin | an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones |
| rennin | important to infants because it curdles the milk they ingest, allowing a longer residence in the bowels and better absorption. |
| ulcer | an open sore or lesion in the skin or mucous membrane. |
| secretin | A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer. |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestine |
| enterokinase | enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin |
| trypsinogen | precursor of trypsin that is in the pancreas and is activated to trypsin in the small intestine |
| trypsin | enzyme that acts in the small intestine to break down protein chains into smaller chains of amino acids |
| erepsins | enzymes that complete protein digestion by converting small-chain peptides to amino acids.(secreted by pancreas and cells of small intestine; works in the lumen of the small intestine) |
| lipases | enzymes released from the pancreas that break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids |
| bile | substance produced by the liver and released into the small intestine where it emulsifies fat and raises the pH of the chyme entering from the stomach |
| gall bladder | organ that stores bile |
| rectum | the lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored |
| villi | Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area |
| microvilli | Tiny hair-like projections of the cytoplasmic membrane located only in the small intestine to facilitate absorption by increasing surface area. |
| gastrin | a digestive hormone secreted by the stomach lining; stimulates the secretion of fluid by gastric glands in the stomach |
| enterogastrone | For very fatty foods, the duodenum releases this hormone to slow down the release of chyme by the stomach. (Fats take longer to digest). |
| disaccharases | breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides in the small intestine |
| hydrochloric acid | produced by the stomach, kills bacteria, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin |
| mucus in stomach | secretion that protects the stomach cells from gastric juices |
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