CH. 15
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Created by:
brookebauer on January 24, 2011
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109 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Special senses | Olfactory (Smell), Gustatory (Taste), Vision, Auditory, Balance |
| Olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (10 million) | Axons of bipolar neurons extend through cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb. Dendrites extend to the epithelial surface of the olfactory recess and enlarge into olfactory vesicles. |
| Olfactory vesicles | contain Cilia which lie in mucous film on the epithelium. |
| Odors | Odorants bind to chemoreceptor molecules, Depolarize and initiate action potentials in neurons, Low threshold for odor detection |
| Odorants | Binds to a chemoreceptor on the olfactory hair membrane and causes depolarization of the membrane and initiates action potentials in the olfactory neurons. |
| Seven primary odors | 1) camphoraceous, 2) musky, 3) floral, 4) pepperminty, 5) ethereal, 6) pungent, and 7)putrid. More than one type of odorant can stimulate a receptor. |
| Anosmia | the lack of the ability to smell. |
| Olfactory neurons | Most have very poor replication abilities, but are constantly being replaced. The entire epithelium, including the neurosensory cells, are replaced about every two months. Replaced by a proliferation of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium. |
| Olfactory pathway | Bundles of unmyelinated axons extend through approximately 20 olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate from each nasal cavity. Collectively these bundles are the olfactory nerves, (cranial nerve I). The olfactory neuron bundles synapse with mitral cells and/or tufted cells. These cells relay information via the olfactory tracts and synapse with association neurons in the olfactory bulb. The association neurons also receive information from nerve cell processes that enter the olfactory bulb from the brain. Thus association neurons can modify olfactory information before it leaves the olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract terminates in the olfactory cortex. It is the only major sensation that goes directly to the cerebral cortex without first passing through the thalamus. |
| Lateral olfactory area | located in the temporal lobe. More specifically within the lateral fissure of the cerebrum. Responsible for the conscious perception of smell |
| Medial olfactory area | responsible for the visceral and emotional reactions to odors, with connections to the limbic system, and subsequently to the hypothalamus |
| Intermediate olfactory area | located along the nerve tract to the olfactory bulb and is involved in the modulation of sensory information and accommodation |
| Taste buds | (about 10,000) mostly located on the papillae, but are also found on the lips, throat, and palate, and more so in children. Each consists of about 50 gustatory cells that are continuously replaced, each cell lasting about 10 days |
| Papillae | have hairs (microvilli), can be vallate, fungiform, foliate, or filiform (no taste buds) |
| Vallate | surounded by a wall |
| Fungiform | mushroom shaped |
| Foliate | leaf shaped |
| Filiform | filament shaped. no taste buds but most numerous on the surface of the tongue. provide rough surface for food to be manipulated more easily |
| Histology of taste buds | Sensory cells of each taste bud consist of about 50 taste (gustatory) cells. Nonsensory cells are basal cells and supporting cells |
| Function of taste buds | Receptors on hairs detect dissolved substances called tastants. These taste cells have no axons so cannot generate action potentials, but instead release neurotransmitters which cause associated sensory neurons to depolarize. |
| Taste types | Sour, salty, bitter, sweet, umami (savory) |
| Factors that Affect Taste | texture, temperature of food, combination, adaptation occurs within 1-5 min, variation of thresholds, olfactory sensations, appetite |
| The Chorda tympani | crosses tympanic membrane but it is really actually involved in TASTE!! Not hearing |
| Visual System | Eye, Accessory structures (Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, tear glands that lubricate and protect eyes from sunlight and damaging particles), Optic nerve (II) (Tracts and Pathways), Eyes respond to light and initiate afferent action potentials |
| Palpebral fissure | the window through which we see. |
| Eyelashes | are double or triple rows of hairs along the free edges of the eyelids (palpebrae) that help protect the eyes. |
| Ciliary glands | are modified sweat glands that lubricate the lashes. The plugging or inflammation of one of these glands = sty |
| Meibomian or tarsal glands | produce sebum which lubricates the palpebrae and restrains tears from overflowing the margins of the eyelids. A blockage or infection is referred to as a chalazion, or a meibomian cyst. |
| Conjunctiva | thin transparent mucous membranes that cover the inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the eye. |
| Conjunctivitis | is an irritation or infection of the conjunctiva. Acute contagious conjunctivitis caused by bacteria is commonly called "pinkeye." |
| Lacrimal glands | are located in the lateral corners of the orbit and lubricate the eye. Most of the fluid evaporates, but excess fluid is collected in the lacrimal canaliculi which connects to the nasal cavity. |
| Lacrimal apparatus | Lacrimal Gland (produces tears to moisten, lubricate, wash) |
| Lacrimal Canaliculi | Collects excess tears |
| Punctum | the opening of the lacrimal canaliculus |
| Lacrimal Sac | connects caniculi with nasolacrimal |
| Nasolacrimal duct | Opens into nasal cavity |
| Eye Anatomy | Three coats or tunics. Fibrous: Consists of sclera and cornea. Vascular: Consists of choroid, ciliary body, iris. Nervous: Consists of retina |
| Fibrous tunic | Outer later; sclera and cornea |
| Sclera | White outer layer, maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with cornea. |
| Cornea | Allows light to enter eye and bends and refracts it as part of focusing. Avascular and transparent due to proteoglycans small collagen fibers, and low water content. |
| Vascular tunic | Middle; iris, ciliary muscles, and choroid |
| Iris | Controls light entering pupil; smooth muscle |
| Ciliary muscles | Control lens shape; smooth muscle |
| Choroid | the portion of the vascular tunic associated with the sclera. |
| Retina | Inner. Contains neurons sensitive to light. Contains 120 photoreceptor cells called rods and 6 or 7 million cones. Center of posterior retina has a macula, at the center of this is the fovea centralis where light is focused. Portion with greatest visual acuity because photoreceptor cells are more tightly packed. Optic disc is medial to macula. |
| Anterior & Posterior compartments | Aqueous humor circulated via the canal of Schlemm. Helps maintain intraocular pressure |
| Vitreous or Postremal compartments | Vitreous humor, thicker and not as rapidly turned over and exchanged. Helps maintain eyeball shape and intraocular pressure. Holds lens and retina in place |
| Lens | Held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary muscles, transparent, biconvex |
| Functions of the eye | like a camera in some respects, iris allows light into eye, then cornea, lens, humors focus light onto retina, light striking retina is converted into action potentials relayed to brain |
| Visible light | Portion of electromagnetic spectrum detected by human eye: 400-700 nm. Each color is a different wavelength |
| Refraction | Bending of light |
| Divergence | Light striking a concave surface |
| Convergence | Light striking a convex surface. As they converge they cross and a focal point occurs (focusing) |
| Focal point | Point where light rays converge and cross |
| Emmetropia | Normal resting condition of lens |
| Far point of vision | The distance at which the lens does not have to thicken for focusing to occur - 20 feet or more from the eye. |
| Near point of vision | The closest distance at which the eye can focus. Things closer start to blur. This point is usually 2-3 inches for children and up to 60 inches for 80 year olds. (Accommodation, Pupil constriction, Convergence) |
| Pigmented retina | provides black backdrop and increases visual acuity |
| Sensory retina | contains three neuron layers; photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglionic. |
| Photoreceptors | 120 million rods in the retina. Photoreceptor portion of each rod contains 700 double layered membranous disks containing rhodopsin. |
| Rhodopsin reduction | Light adaptation |
| Rhodopsin production | Dark adaptation |
| Cones | 6-7 million in the retina. Vital for color vision & visual acuity. Use iodopsin visual pigment. As light decreases, fewer cone cells respond to dim light. |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness. Focal point too near lens, image focused in front of retina |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness. Image focused behind retina |
| Presbyopia | Degeneration of accommodation, corrected by reading glasses; regular sight problems with age |
| Astigmatism | Cornea or lens not uniformly curved |
| Strabismus | Lack of parallelism of light paths through eyes (eyes may turn in or out) |
| Retinal detachment | Can result in complete blindness; a hole or tear in retina allowing fluid to accumulate between neural and pigmented layers |
| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure by inhibition of aqueous humor circulation (causing build up) |
| Trachoma | Scarring of the cornea because of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. |
| Cataract | Clouding of lens caused by buildup of proteins |
| Macular degeneration | Common in older people, loss in acute vision |
| Diabetes | dysfunction of peripheral circulation causes degeneration or detachment of the retina. |
| External ear | Hearing; terminates at eardrum or tympanic membrane. Includes auricle or pinna (elastic cartilage covered by skin) and the external acoustic meatus. |
| Middle ear | Hearing; air filled space that contains auditory ossicles. Auditory, pharyngotympanic, or eustachian tube, and oval window. |
| Inner ear | Hearing and balance; interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chambers |
| External Acoustic Meatus | Part of external ear. Lined with hairs and ceruminous glands that produce cerumen (earwax) |
| Tympanic membrane | Ear drum. Separates external ear from middle ear. Vibrated by sound waves |
| Auditory or pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube | Part of middle ear. Passage way that opens into pharynx, equalizes pressure. |
| Labyrinth | Part of inner ear that is bony and contains membranous labyrinth (outer surface covered with perilymphatic cells) |
| Bony Cochlea | Hearing |
| Bony Vestibule | Balance |
| Bony Semicircular canals | Balance |
| Lymphs | Part of inner ear. Endolymph and Perilymph |
| Endolymph | Clear fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth. High in K+, low in Na+. |
| Perilymph | Fills the space between the membranous and bony labyrinths. Similar to cerebrospinal fluid, high concentrations of Na+ & low concentrations of K+. |
| Vibrations | produce sound waves |
| Volume or loudness | Function of wave amplitude |
| Pitch | Function of wave frequency |
| Timbre | Resonance quality or overtones of sound |
| Static Labyrinth | Of the vestibule. Evaluates position of head relative to gravity, Detects linear acceleration and deceleration. Utricle and saccule. |
| Maculae | Patch of epithelium on utricle and saccule. Consists of support cells & hair cells which contain many microvilli called stereocilia and one kinocilium embedded in gelatinous mass containing otoliths |
| Kinetic Labyrinth | Consists of three semicircular canals. Evaluates movements of head. |
| Ampulla | The base of each semicircular canal. Contains crista ampullaris, cupula, which is displaced by fluid movements within the semicircular canals which bend the hairs and initiates action potentials. |
| Crista ampullaris | crest of epithelia in the ampulla covered by a curved gelatinous mass |
| Cupula | the gelatinous mass |
| Tinnitus | Ringing, clicking, whistling in ear due to disorders in middle or inner ear |
| Motion sickness | Dysfunctions caused by excessive stimulation of semicircular canals during motion |
| Space sickness | Dysfunction caused by lack of normal stimulation from the vestibule and semicircular canals |
| Otitis Media | infections in the middle ear |
| Meniere's syndrome | Characterized by tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss |
| Earache | Results from otitis media, dental abscesses, TMJ pain |
| Aging effects on special senses | Slight loss in ability to detect odors, Decreased sense of taste, Lenses of eyes lose flexibility, Development of cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, Decline in visual acuity and color perception, Decrease in hearing and balance |
| Macula lutea | Area in the retina, at the center of which is the fovea centralis: Area of greatest visual acuity. |
| Optic disc | Blind spot |
| Rods | Important in low light conditions. Do not see color. |
| Fovea Centralis | At the center of the macula in the retina. Contains 35,000 cones and no rods so it contributes to visual acuity. |
| Auditory ossicles | Part of middle ear. Consists of Malleus, incus, and stapes. Transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window |
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