Motivation and Emotion
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Created by:
karlakarlakarla on January 24, 2011
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 motivation | the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms |
| instincts | When psychologists first tried to explain motivation, they turned to (blank), inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned. |
| according to instinct approaches to motivation, instincts are... | born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival |
| instinct, learned | most animal behavior is (blank), most human behavior is (blank) |
| Drive-reduction approaches | approach that suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to retain that requirement |
| drive | motivational tension,or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need |
| primary drives | basic drives that are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole, such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex |
| secondary drives | drives in which behavior fulfills no obvious biological need. Prior experience and learning bring about needs |
| Homeostasis | the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state, underlies primary drives (using feedback loops, mostly negative) |
| Drive-reduction theories do not provide an explanation of a behavior in which the goal is not to reduce a drive, but rather to maintain or even increase the level of excitement or arousal. | Drive-reduction theories do not provide an explanation of a behavior in which |
| arousal approaches to motivation | approach in which each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity |
| reduce, increase | according to arousal approaches to motivation, we try to (blank) when stimulation and activity is to high and (blank) when to low |
| arousal approaches | daredevils prescribe to which approach |
| Incentive approaches | approach to motivation that suggest that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives. |
| this theory does not explain motivation because organisms sometimes seek to fulfill needs even when incentives are not apparent | fallback with incentive approaches |
| cognitive approaches to motivation | approaches to motivation that suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals—their cognitions |
| intrinsic motivation | type of motivations that causes us to participate in an activity four our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that will bring us |
| extrinsic motiation | type of motivations thatcauses us to do something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible award |
| intrinsic | we are more likely to persevere, work harder, and produce work of higher quality when the reward is ... (intrinsic or extrinsic) |
| Maslow's model suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied | Maslow's model suggests that what must be met before others are met |
| physiological needs (basic primary drives), safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, self actualization | IN order from top to bottom, the needs of Maslow's hierarchy are ... |
| primary drives: needs for water, food, sleep, sex, and the like. | physiological needs |
| the need for a safe secure environment. (can include emotional safety) | safety |
| to obtain and give affection and be part of a group of society (can include emotional safety) | love and belongingness |
| need to develop a sense of self-worth and validation from others | esteem |
| a state of self-fulfillment in whcih people realize their highest potentials, each in his or her own unique way. People feel at ease with themselves and satisfied that they are using their talents to the fullest | self-actualization |
| glucose | changes in levels of (blank) regulate feeling of hunger |
| hypothalamus | which part of the brain regulates glucose levels |
| One hypothesis suggests that injury to the hypothalamus affects the weight set point, the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain, which in turn regulates food intake. | One hypothesis suggests that injury to the (blank) affects the (blank), the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain, which in turn regulates food intake. |
| the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended to the body. | metabolism |
| Bigger, social | People in the US eat (bigger or smaller) portions than people in France. this is an example of (blank ) factors in eating |
| Some psychologists suggest that oversensitivity to external eating cues based on social factors, coupled with insensitivity to internal hunger cues, produces obesity | Some psychologists suggest that (blank) to external eating cues based on social factors, coupled with (blank) to internal hunger cues, produces obesity |
| weight set points | some psychologists argue that overweight people have higher (blank) than other people do |
| Another hypothesis has to do with fat cells in the body. People are stuck with the number of fat cells they inherit from an early age, and the rate of weight fain during the first 4 months of life is related to being overweight during later childhood | fat cells in the body as a reason for overweight-ness hypothesis |
| According to the weight-set-point hypothesis, the presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point's becoming "stuck" at a higher level than is desirable | According to the weight-set-point hypothesis, the presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in... |
| Other hypothesis suggest that we have a settling point, determined by a combination of our genetics and nature of our environment (like high-fat foods) | "settling point " hypothesis |
| a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual Mainly afflicts females ages 12-40 Usually occurs after serious dieting, which somehow gets out of control | Anorexia nervosa |
| a disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food and then get id of it by purging (induced vomiting or diarrhea). often the weight of a person with (blank) remains normal | Bulimia |
| a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence | need for achievement |
| achievement motivation | People with low (blank) tend to be motivated primarily by a desire to avoid failure |
| an interest in establishing and maintain relationships with other people | need for affiliation |
| a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual | need for power |
| feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior | Emotions |
| for every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological or "gut" reaction of internal organs | visceral experience |
| Belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occuring as a result of an external stimuli | James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
| preparing us for action; shaping our future behavior; helping us interact more effectively with others | 3 functions of emotions |
| In order for this to be true, visceral changes would have to occur relatively quickly. An emotion can occur way sooner and quicker than a visceral change can.; Physiological arousal does not invariably produce emotional experience (ex. Joggers can experience rapid heartbeat, breathing rate etc, but not an emotion) | Drawbacks of James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
| the belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus. The theory states that after we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus, the thalamus is the initial site of the emotional response. The thalamus then sends a signal to the ANS, producing a visceral response. At the same time, the thalamus also communicates a message to the cerebral cortx regarding the nature of the emotion being experiences. | Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion |
| they were wrong. its the hypothalamus and limbic system, not the thalamus | Drawbacks of Cannon-Bard Theory |
| belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues. | Schachter-Singer theory of emotion |
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