General Pathology Mid Term I
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dourada Plus on January 25, 2011
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Homeostasis | -maintain constant composition w/in interstitial and internal cellular environment -dynamic equilibrium process/mechanisms |
| congenital | pathology at time of birth |
| predisposition | severe disease by age 25-30 - w/ genetic component |
| Mendelian Disorders/Somatic Mutations | -point mutations-single gen mutation -Hunington's Chorea - can't control muscles -sickle cell anemia-abonormally shaped RBC -cystic fibrosis- salty baby syndrome-chloride ion channel problem |
| X-linked point mutations | -generally recessive and expressed in hemizygous male -Duchenne muscular dystrophy (boy's weak walk) -hemophilia A - factor VIII deficiency-can't clot |
| Single gene structural defects | -marfan syndrome-fibrillin-connective tissue problem -Elher-Danlos-defect in collagen synthesis -Osteogenesis Imperfecta (collagen)-weak and fragile bones |
| Single gene biochemical defects | -enzyme or receptor defects -alpha-1-antityrpsin deficiency-early onset emphysema- can't control neutrophils in lungs -familial hypercholesteremia - high levels of LDL's -Tay-Sachs gangliosidosis-occurs when harmful quantities of gangliosides accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain, eventually leading to the premature death of those cells. -Fabry's and others - lysosomal storage diseases |
| Chromosomal abnormalities | Trisomy 21-down's syndrome - 47 instead of 46 chrom Turner's 45XO KleinFelter's 47 XXY |
| Unstable nucleotide repeats | Fragile X syndrome-is caused by a change in the FMR1 gene. |
| Imprinting disorders | -new frontier -maternal or paternal transcription silencing in ovum or sperm |
| DNA methylation | -mark coding and non-coding portions -can be altered by mutations, environmental factors, may influence growth, cancer and aging |
| Physiological stressors | cold, heat, trauma, hemorrhage, and infection, and "stress"-psychogenic |
| layers of defense | physical- skin/cutaneous membrane chemical - skin secretions etc cellular - leukocytes and scavenger cells |
| skin | keratinized -strafitied squamous -resists dessication, overhydration, and weathering -liver spots - lipofuscin |
| thermoregulation and skin | sweat glands - cooling hair - heat insulation dermal vessels constrict or dilate to conserve or dissipate heat |
| sweat | is antibacterial -thermoregulatory -chloride ion channel defect -- salty baby syndrome -water, electrolytes, urea -IgA |
| Sebum | oily secretions |
| mucus | -respiratory, urogenital, digestive -all hollow tubes and organs -IgA -sticky from glycoproteins/mucopolysaccharides -protects from dehydration -produced by goblet cells -production affectd by environmental stressors |
| cerumen | ear wax -product of ceruminous gland - protect tympanic membrane |
| tears | -product of lacrimal gland -salty water -pinguecula - scar tissue on ear - linear -pyterygium- scar tissue that is fan shaped and invasive |
| leukocytes | white blood cells -from myeloid tissue - hematopoiesis -myeloproliferative -last barely a week |
| anemia | red cell deficiency |
| polycynthemia | abnormal increase in RBC's |
| leukopenia | deficiency in WBC's |
| leukemia | dramatically increased production of abnormal WBC's (cancer of marrow stem cells |
| thrombocytosis | increased platelets in circulation |
| thrombocytopenia | platelet deficiency |
| red bone marrow containing bones | vertebral bodies, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses of long bones, flat portions of bones, flat bones |
| erythrocytes | RBC's last 90-120 days, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| platelets | make clots thrombi thrombocytes |
| granular leukocytes | neutrophils basophils eosinophils -multi-lobed nucleus -granules-lyzozyme, myeloperoxidase, and catalase |
| agranular leukocytes | lymphocytes monocytes -mononuclear |
| formed elements | cells -not in plasma -serum=plasma - w/out clotting factors |
| clotting | factor XII(hageman) - contacts vascular collagen - in medial layer - prothrombin -to thrombin stim by factor X(stuart-prower) -fibrongen to fibrin -stim by thrombin -intrinsic coagulation cascade |
| never let monkeys eat bananas | 60%-neutrophils-pus cell - acute bacterial defense(most abundant) 30%-lymphocytes- T/B cells , specificity and memory antigen recognition 8%-monocytes- macrophages in tissue - biggest, chronicity 2.5%-eosinophils - allergies and parasites 0.5%-basophils - tissue mast cell w/proinflammatory chemicals-histamine |
| neutrophils | -contain myeloperoxidase, protease, and lysozyme AKA's-segs, PMNs, pus cells -can't stop eating -low specificity Movement -chemotaxis-movement to injury site based of chemical signalling(cell death products and bacterial metabolic wastes,etc) -margination- move out of center of blood stream toward endothelium -pavementing-dock and cover large area of capillary walls -diapedesis-migrate out of cap. to interstitial space -phagocytosis-cellular eating- engulfment-eat and die and create pus |
| eosinophils | -fight parasites w/extracellular digestion -phagocytize immune complexes -suppress or increase allergic response chronic bacterial bacterial infections |
| basophils | -contain histamine and heparin ??mast cell debate, are mast cells basophils in the tissues? |
| monocytes | largest leukocytes - slow moving -in tissues they are macrophages with many names -secretions IL-1=endogenous pyrogen and TNF -very important in the inflammatory response - secrete TNF -APC- antigen presenting cells- to activate T-cells -phagocytose foreign particles-digest-present bits on surface with MHC II |
| reticulo macrophages | endothelial cells |
| microglia | in brain |
| dendritic cells | in lymphoid tissue |
| kupfer cells | in liver sinusoidal caps |
| histiocyte | in striated muscle |
| antigen presenting cell (APC) | esp in dendrictic cells in lymphoid tissue generally macrophages (and B-cells) |
| langerhans cell | in skin (another APC) |
| TNF | tumor necrosis factor. a.k.a. also formally called cachexin feedback to hypothalamus and acts as an appetite supressant/cessation of appetite -can contribute to destruction of tissue by activating caspase proteins of apoptosis |
| IL-1 | important activating signal to T-helper cell endogenous pyrogen - stimulates fever |
| inflammation 5 factors | (S.H.A.R.P.) swelling heat altered function redness pain |
| antigen presentation | demonstrates difference between innate and adaptive divisions of defense cells |
| MHC | major histocompatibility complex class I-on cells to recognize self class II- on APC to present antigens |
| IL-2 | interleukin 2 growth and activating factor for APC's, T-killer, and B-cells |
| Lymphocytes | smaller than monocyte but similiar in appearance -adaptive immunity -Tcells-secrete interleukins and interferons (IFN) -Bcells-secrete antibodies -NK-natural killer cells(granular)-act more like innate immunity cell-can stimulate apoptosis without need for anitgen recognition |
| cell mediated immunity | T-cell business T-helper-CD4+ T-killer-CD8+ T-regulator-CD25+Foxp3+-signals CD4+ clonal anergy |
| T-cells | released from bone marrow - travel to thymus thymic hormones activate TCR-T cell receptor genes maturation - equip with 10 to the 4-5 identical antigen receptors -go through "thymus university" self/non-self recognition tests- if they fail they are destroyed -migrate to lymphoid tissue (spleen, peyer's patch, nodes, tonsils, veriform appendix, blood circulation) |
| T-helper | "communications officer" -recognize MHC II - activate and memory cells-release cytokins Th1-secrete IL-2 and INF gamma -activate cell mediated response -trigger B-cells to secrete IgG Th2-secretes IL-4 -activates B-cells to secrete IgE *the ratio of Th1 to Th2 is very dynamic and depends both on the exciting agent as well as the time course of infection - area of intense research into allergy and asthma |
| granuloma | formed in response to mycobacterium tuberculosis -response to poorly biodegradible/digestible foreign particles |
| T-killer | aka- cytotoxic, cytolytic recognize antigen from MHC I self - and stimulate apoptosis- infected cells -secretes perforins, granzymes etc -do not attack loose antigens -can cause autoimmune injury - which is why T-reg/supressor is important |
| B cell business--humoral/chemically mediated immunity-because they fight in the body's humors or fluids like blood and lymph | antibody dependant arm of specific immunity -named for chicken studies of Bursa of fabricius -believe they mature in fetal liver and bone marrow --humoral/chemically mediated immunity -activate from direct exposure to antigen or by costimulation form CD4+ T-helper cell -after exposure differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies -activate Bcells both clone and differentiate leaving memory cells for the future -plasma cell-Bcell that secretes antibodies |
| antibody | highly specific arrangement of proteins in heavy and light chains with simple sugar molecules a.k.a. immunoglobulin 2 heavy chains-2 light chains forked portion the variable region- binds to unique shape of anitgens stem is Fc-fixed crystalline region- and can mount to Fc portion on mast cells and activate serum complement B-cell receptors are IgD antibody class |
| rheumatoid arthritis | erroneous sugar insertion on Fc portion of immunoglobulins - body thinks self is non-self and attacks it |
| plasma cell | differenciated B-cell that begins immediate synthesis and secretion of antibodies against activating antigen |
| primary vs secondary immune response | primary 3-6 day lag in attack work of memory cells - much faster -secondary a.k.a ANAMNESTIC response |
| epitope | smallest immunogenic substance |
| toxic shock | when antigen so provocative they bind up the immune system's receptors - fever, rash, and circulatory collapse: Staph and Strep |
| Mechanisms of Antibody action | -immune complex formation -neutralization -precipitation -agglutination -chemotaxis -opsonization -complement activation: creates membrane attack complex(MAC), C5asignals to mac's, C3bpowerful opsonin, activates blood coagulation, results in vasculitis |
| Immunoglobulin Classes | IgA-in all bodily secretions IgD-permanently bound to B cells IgE- allergy and parasites, mounts to mast cell membranes IgG-smallest and most abundant IgM- first made and first secreted, massive/largest -both IgG and IgM ativate serum complement |
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