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visible spectrum the color sequence (red,orange, yellow, green, blue and violet) that appears when white lights is passed through a prism magnetic field a region in which certain objects are attracted or repelled by the magnet electric field a region in which certain objects may be attracted or repelled by an electric force wave a movement of energy from one place to another oscillation a back and forth motion that repeatedly follows the same path crest the high point of a wave trough the lowpoint of a wave medium the term for whatever carries a wave electromagnetic wave a wave consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field vibrating at right angles to each other speed of light the speed at which electromagnetic waves travel (in a vacuum), epual to 186,000 miles per second frequency how fast a wave oscillates wavelength the length of one complete wave or cycle of oscillation (measured from crest to crest or trough to trough) electromagnetic spectrum an arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to frequency and wavelength pulsars stars that produce rapid bursts of radio waves astronaut a person who jouneys into space satellite any object that orbits a larger object space station a structure in space in which people can live and work for weeks or months at a time geostationary orbit an orbit in which a satellite follows the direction of the earth's rotation in such a way that it stays in the same location in the sky polar orbit an orbit in which a satellite travels perpendicular to the equator, passing over the polar regions as it circles the earth Global Positioning System (GPS) the most famous network of navigational satellites space probe an unmanned spacecraft that is launched specifically to explore the unknown Sir Isaac Newton discovered that light is a combinttion of many colors; discovered laws of motion James Clark Maxwell discovered electromagnetic waves; realized that light is a type of electromagnetic wave Galileo the first astronomer to make extensive use of a telescope in his study of the heavens; made many important discoveries Robert H. Goddard called the "Father of Modern Rocketry"; built and launched the first liquid-fueled rocket Wernher von Braun helped make the United States the world leader in space exploration; developed the rocket used to carry men to the moon Yuri Gagarin the first person to travel in space Alan Shephard the first American to travel in space John Glenn the first American to orbit the earth Valentina Tereshkova the first woman to fly in space Neil Armstrong the first human being to set foot on the surface of the moon William and Caroline Herschel discovered the planet Uranus telescope a device that makes distant objects appear cleared or closer reflection the turning back or turning aside of any wave when it hits an obstacle refraction the bending of any wave's direction at the boundary between two wave media refractin telescope a type of telescope that uses lenses to gather light and form an object reflecting telescope a type of telescope that uses mirrors to produce an image Hubble space telescope a reflecting telescope with an 8-foot-wide main mirror launched into orbit arounf the earth in 1990 spectroscope a special device that can split light into a spectrum for analysis radio telescope an instrument that collects radio waves from space Communications satellite relay siganls to other satellites; provide direct phone, Internet, and e-mail service anywhere on eath; relay telephone conversations and TV broadcasts weather satellite provide photographs of cloud patterns; measure cloud and ground temperatures; measure cloud heights, wind speeds and relative humidity navigational satellites GPS allows boaters, pilots, and hikers to pinpoint their position; GPS are so so small they can be placed in a cell phone or wrist watch earth observation satellite make maps; survey cities; spot forest fires; plot the terrain of the ocean floor; help discover deposits of coal, oil, or valuable ores military satellites scan the earth for missile launches or large explosions; photograph foreign military installations; monitor the movements of enemy ships, planes, and tanks astronomical satellites Hubble space telescope; detect x-rays; measure distances to nearby stars; study the sun Mercury the closest planet to the sun; the speediest planet Venus sometimes called the morning star or evening planet; hottest planet in our solar system Mars often called the red planet; has two moons (Phobos and Deimos) Jupiter largest planet in our solar system; has a huge strorm known as the Great Red Spot Saturn has the most glorious rings of any planet in our solar system Uranus discovered by William and Caroline Herschel; entire system is turned on its side Neptune beautiful royal blue color; largest moon is named Triton; has the strongest winds measured anywhere in the solar system Ganymede largest moon in the solar system (bigger that Mercury); largest moon of Jupiter Titan largest moon of Saturn; has its own atmosphere