31 Micronutrients 2 Vitamins
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 4 fat soluble Vitamins? | A D E K |
| Name the vitamin source: FAD | Riboflavin (B2) |
| Name the vitamin source: NADP | Niacin (B3) |
| Name the source: Cyanocobalamin | Vitamin B12 |
| Name the source: Tetrahydrofolate | Folic acid/folate |
| Name the vitamin source: Retinal | Vitamin A |
| Name the source: Pyridoxal Phosphate | Pyridoxine |
| Is Lipoic acid a vitamin? | No, but its like a vitamin! |
| What is the vitamin-like compound for phospholipids? | Inositol |
| What is the vitamin-like compound found in phospholipids, which donates a methyl group, and is required in chickens | Choline |
| What is PQQ? | Pyrroloquinoine quinone A redox focator for quinoproteins Possibly a vitamin |
| Describe what a primary vitamin deficiency is | A lack of adequate intake in diet (poor nutrition/food habits) |
| What is a secondary vitamin deficiency? | Poor availability or utilization of a vitamin due to environmental or physiological conditions. (poor digestions) |
| Where does almost all vitamin absorption take place? | Small intestine |
| What are the sources of VitA? | Liver, egg yolks, milk products or B-carotene from yellow vegetables |
| What are the functions of VitA? | Vision: Is absorbed into rods and cones. Also aides in maintaining correct morphology and function. Cellular differentiation: Activates mRNA synthesis for specific genes involved in cell control functions |
| We all know VitA is critical for embryonic development, but what happens if it is taken in excess? | It can be a teratogene in pregnant women. Also associated with osteoporosis. |
| What are some effects of VitA deficiency? | Increased susceptibility to infection Blinds 1/4-1/2 million kids per year Can worsen iron status, causing anemia. |
| What does a deficiency in VitD cause? | Rickets |
| VitD is involved in control of what? | Ca++ utilization and uptake. |
| What is VitK required for? | The synthesis of blood coagulation proteins |
| Name 2 vitamin K inhibitors | Coumarin & Warfarin |
| How do they work? | Inhibit VitK reductases so the enzymes requiring this can not form clots. |
| Folic acid/folate are a major carrier of what? | Single carbon units |
| What are these single carbon units used for primarily? | Turning dUMP into dTMP (Vital for DNA synthesis) |
| What is the development defect commonly seen with folic acid/folate defects? | Neural tube defects Spinal column fails to close |
| What is Megaloblastic anemia? | Enlarged red and white blood cells The cells can not divide. |
| What unique chemical does cobalamin (B12) contain? | Cobalt |
| Which vitamin does B12 regenerate? | FH4, preventing folate deficiency symptoms. Level os B12 rise and fall with folate |
| How much B12 does an adult human need per day? | 3 MICROgrams (most potent vitamin known) |
| What is the danger in giving someone folate treatment? | It may mask their underlying B12 deficiency, which could cause neurological consequences |
| What must B12 (cyanocobalamin) bind to in order to be taken up in the ileum? | Intrinsic factor (IF) |
| Why can stomach resections cause pernicious anemia? | Pernicious anemia is a result of B12 deficiency A stomach resection could result in very little IF secretion With no IF to bind to, B12 would not be absorbed |
| What are Thiamine's 2 main functions? | Oxidative decarboxylation (need to make energy) Transketolase (need for DNA synthesis) |
| A deficiency in Thiamine causes what? | Beriberi |
| What are the symptoms of beriberi? | Insufficient ATP production, decreased production of DNA, RNA, proteins, fatty acids Cardiovascular wasting (often the cause of death) CNS damage Edema |
| Nowadays, who gets beriberi? | Chronic alcoholics |
| What does Riboflavin do? | coenzyme of FAD-->FADH |
| What is Pellagra caused by? | Niacin deficiency |
| What are Pellagra symptoms? | Fatigue, headache, apathy, depression, memory loss, dementia, pigmented skin rash after exposure to sun, vomiting |
| How much tryptophan must you consume to make 1mg of niacin (RDA)? | 60mg, not all is used to make niacin |
| What is Pyridozal Phosphate (PLP) used for? | Amino acid metabolism |
| Biotin tightly binds to what? | Eggs white protein |
| What is biotin's function? | Carboxylase reactions in fatty acid synthesis essential for lipid metabolism and amino acid breakdown |
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