1.
A deficiency in Thiamine causes what?: Beriberi
2.
Biotin tightly binds to what?: Eggs white protein
3.
Describe what a primary vitamin deficiency is: A lack of adequate intake in diet
(poor nutrition/food habits)
4.
Folic acid/folate are a major carrier of what?: Single carbon units
5.
How do they work?: Inhibit VitK reductases so the enzymes requiring this can not form clots.
6.
How much B12 does an adult human need per day?: 3 MICROgrams
(most potent vitamin known)
7.
How much tryptophan must you consume to make 1mg of niacin (RDA)?: 60mg, not all is used to make niacin
8.
Is Lipoic acid a vitamin?: No, but its like a vitamin!
9.
Name 2 vitamin K inhibitors: Coumarin & Warfarin
10.
Name the source:
Cyanocobalamin: Vitamin B12
11.
Name the source:
Pyridoxal Phosphate: Pyridoxine
12.
Name the source:
Tetrahydrofolate: Folic acid/folate
13.
Name the vitamin source:
FAD: Riboflavin (B2)
14.
Name the vitamin source:
NADP: Niacin (B3)
15.
Name the vitamin source:
Retinal: Vitamin A
16.
Nowadays, who gets beriberi?: Chronic alcoholics
17.
VitD is involved in control of what?: Ca++ utilization and uptake.
18.
We all know VitA is critical for embryonic development, but what happens if it is taken in excess?: It can be a teratogene in pregnant women.
Also associated with osteoporosis.
19.
What are Pellagra symptoms?: Fatigue, headache, apathy, depression, memory loss, dementia, pigmented skin rash after exposure to sun, vomiting
20.
What are some effects of VitA deficiency?: Increased susceptibility to infection
Blinds 1/4-1/2 million kids per year
Can worsen iron status, causing anemia.
21.
What are the 4 fat soluble Vitamins?: A
D
E
K
22.
What are the functions of VitA?: Vision: Is absorbed into rods and cones. Also aides in maintaining correct morphology and function.
Cellular differentiation: Activates mRNA synthesis for specific genes involved in cell control functions
23.
What are the sources of VitA?: Liver, egg yolks, milk products or B-carotene from yellow vegetables
24.
What are the symptoms of beriberi?: Insufficient ATP production, decreased production of DNA, RNA, proteins, fatty acids
Cardiovascular wasting (often the cause of death)
CNS damage
Edema
25.
What are these single carbon units used for primarily?: Turning dUMP into dTMP (Vital for DNA synthesis)
26.
What are Thiamine's 2 main functions?: Oxidative decarboxylation (need to make energy)
Transketolase (need for DNA synthesis)
27.
What does a deficiency in VitD cause?: Rickets
28.
What does Riboflavin do?: coenzyme of FAD-->FADH
29.
What is a secondary vitamin deficiency?: Poor availability or utilization of a vitamin due to environmental or physiological conditions.
(poor digestions)
30.
What is biotin's function?: Carboxylase reactions in fatty acid synthesis
essential for lipid metabolism and amino acid breakdown
31.
What is Megaloblastic anemia?: Enlarged red and white blood cells
The cells can not divide.
32.
What is Pellagra caused by?: Niacin deficiency
33.
What is PQQ?: Pyrroloquinoine quinone
A redox focator for quinoproteins
Possibly a vitamin
34.
What is Pyridozal Phosphate (PLP) used for?: Amino acid metabolism
35.
What is the danger in giving someone folate treatment?: It may mask their underlying B12 deficiency, which could cause neurological consequences
36.
What is the development defect commonly seen with folic acid/folate defects?: Neural tube defects
Spinal column fails to close
37.
What is the vitamin-like compound for phospholipids?: Inositol
38.
What is the vitamin-like compound found in phospholipids, which donates a methyl group, and is required in chickens: Choline
39.
What is VitK required for?: The synthesis of blood coagulation proteins
40.
What must B12 (cyanocobalamin) bind to in order to be taken up in the ileum?: Intrinsic factor (IF)
41.
What unique chemical does cobalamin (B12) contain?: Cobalt
42.
Where does almost all vitamin absorption take place?: Small intestine
43.
Which vitamin does B12 regenerate?: FH4, preventing folate deficiency symptoms.
Level os B12 rise and fall with folate
44.
Why can stomach resections cause pernicious anemia?: Pernicious anemia is a result of B12 deficiency
A stomach resection could result in very little IF secretion
With no IF to bind to, B12 would not be absorbed
