Biology Midterms
About this set
Created by:
OliviaDaouphars on January 25, 2011
Subjects:
scientific method, water, ph and organic compounds, microscopes, cell types and organelles, plasma membrane and cell transport, bacteria and viruses, mitosis and cancer
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 parts of scientific method | Observe, Hypotheses, Experiment , Analyze results, and Draw conclusions. |
| Control | part of experiment that would serve as a basis of comparison |
| Independent Variables | The factor being tested (X axis) |
| Dependant Variables | The Variable that changes (Y axis) |
| Constants | The factors that stay the same in the experiment |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess about the experiment |
| Biosphere | where life exists |
| Ecosystems | The community of living things in an area & non-living factors |
| Organisms | Individual living things |
| Cells | Basic unit of living organisms |
| DNA | The unit of inheritance for life |
| the 8 characteristics of living things | 1. Made of one or more cell 2. Reproduction, 3. Growth and development 4. Adjustment to the environment 5. Adaption to evolution 6. Displays organization 7. Requires Energy 8. Maintains Homeostasis. |
| Homeostasis | Something that cells have that is able to regulate their own environment |
| Polarity | It is an uneven distribution of Charge |
| Hydrogen Bond | It is an attraction between oxygen atom in one water and hydrogen atom in another H2O |
| Capillary Action | Water climbing up the thin tube |
| Surface Tension | Waters polarity causes surface tension |
| Ice is less dense than liquid water | ice is less dense causing it to float. Most substances get tighter as they freeze but not water |
| Adhesion | a water molecule sticking to something else |
| Cohesion | water sticking to water |
| 'Like' dissolves 'Like' | this is saying that polar dissolves polar and non polar dissolves non polar |
| Solution | A mixture that is even throughout (homogeneous mixture) |
| Solute | Substance being dissolved |
| Solvent | Substance doing the dissolving |
| two types of solutions | Homogeneous and Heterogeneous |
| pH | The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| All organic compounds contain... | the element carbon |
| 3 major carbohydrates | Monosaccharide (glucose), Disaccharides (sucrose), Polysaccharides (starch) |
| 3 types of Polysaccharides | Starch- used by plants to store extra glucose, Glycogen- used by animals to store extra glucose, Cellulose- found in plant cell walls it makes them stronger |
| 3 types of Proteins | Structural, Transport, Enzymes |
| Peptide bond | Covalent bond built by amino acids |
| HDL | good fats that help your body |
| LDL | bad fats that can give you heart disease |
| 2 types of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| Condensation | Linking monomers together to make a polymer and H20 molecule is removed |
| Hydrolesis | breaking polymers into individual monomers |
| Robert Hooke | created the early compound light microscope. they pass light through a specimen. He observed compartments in cork he called them "cells" |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | designed a microscope with high quality lenses. He viewed pond water and described the organisms he saw as "animalcules" but they were really just protozoans. Saw 1st living cells. |
| Light Microscope | can magnify up to 1500x, has poor resolution (cant really see small organisms) |
| SEM | realistic 3D images but you can only see the outside surface of the specimen (no organelles) |
| STM | probe tip comes close to the specimen, electrons tunnel through to the specimen, can see at an ATOMIC level, views live specimens |
| TEM | Transmits a beam of electrons through specimen, specimen must be thin, used to view internal cell structure, magnify up to 500,000x, live specimens cant be viewed. |
| Magnification | how large the image can get |
| Resolution | how clear the image can get |
| prokaryotes | don't have a nucleus |
| eukaryotes | have a nucleus, are more complex than prokaryotes |
| 3 shapes of Bacteria | Bacillus, Spirilla, Cocci |
| 3 parts to the cell theory | All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells |
| diffusion across the cell membrane | Particles will always move from areas of high concentration to low concentration |
| Hypotonic | Concentration of dissolved substances is lower |
| Isotonic | Concentration of water is equal on both sides of the membrane |
| Hypertonic | Concentration of dissolved substances is greater |
| turgor pressure | healthy water pressure that happens when the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall in plants. When it is lost the cell shrinks |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a membrane. Water will always move until it is equal on both sides |
| red blood cell placed in pure water would | burst |
| cell in a hypertonic environment would | shrivel |
| Endocytosis | when a cell engulfs a large molecule or even an entire cell (active transport) |
| Exocytosis | when a cell gets rid of materials (active transport) |
| Passive Transport | the type of transport that goes from high to low and requires no energy |
| Active Transport | the type of transport that goes from low to high and does require the use of energy |
| 3 types of Passive Transport | facilitated diffusion, diffusion, osmosis |
| 2 examples of active transport | Endocytosis and Exocytosis |
| selectively permeable | Only allows certain molecules in but not others |
| What materials cross the membrane easily | Small and non polar ones, Water, glucose (needs protein channel), 02 gas, CO2 |
| Facilitated Diffusion | A type of Passive Transport in which substances diffuse across but they must go through transport proteins which speeds the process along. |
| What kind of cells are bacteria made of | Prokaryotic |
| the 5 characteristics of Bacteria | Single celled, Prokaryotic, Have a cell wall, Small, and have a quick reproduction rate |
| 2 domains of Bacteria | Eubacteria and Archaebacteria |
| pathogenic | Disease causing, less than 1% of bacteria are |
| indicator species | Species that are used to determine the health of an ecosystem |
| How do antibiotics work | They attack and destroy bacteria their purpose is to kill the bacteria. They do this by breaking down the cell wall and preventing them from making proteins. |
| antibiotic resistance | It is when bacteria aren't killed by antibiotics because either you have misused your antibiotics or the bacteria mutate and aren't prone to the antibiotic. |
| Immune System | Its purpose is to recognizes viruses, destroys them, than remembers it so that you are immune. |
| Virus | a non living pathogen |
| 3 Characteristics of a virus | They reproduce only with a host cell, have genetic info, and are smaller than bacteria. |
| bacteriophage | A virus that attacks bacteria, they have an extra part called the tail fiber (and also has legs that attach) |
| surface area to volume ratio | If the surface area is too small compared to the volume than food and oxygen cant get too the center of the cell in time so it starts to die off |
| Interphase | the growth period, and when the chromosomes get duplicated. G1- Cell grows and carries out normal job S stage- Chromosomes make copies of themselves (called sister chromatids) G2- Cell prepares for Mitosis. The longest part of the cell cycle |
| sister chromatids | They are the copied chromosomes and they form during Interphase (S phase) |
| centromeres | They connect the sister chromatids in the middle |
| centrioles | help chromosomes to separate during mitosis |
| Spindle Fibers | attach to the centromere or each chromosome from both sides and pull them apart |
| the 4 stages of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase |
| cytokenesis | The division of the cytoplasm |
| the purpose of Mitosis | To have a cell divide into two identical ones, and for the division of the nucleus |
| Cancer | Uncontrolled cell growth |
| Malignant | a tumor that is cancerous |
| Benign | a tumor that is not cancerous |
| Stem Cell | a cell that can be turned into any type of cell. |
| Specialized cells | cells that have their own specific job like nerve cells, muscle cells, blood cells |
| zygote | When a sperm and an egg unite in fertilization |
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