Body Systems 4 final study guide
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149 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 abduction | muscle movement away from the midline of the body |
| acetabulum | hip socket; rounded depression or socket in the pelvis which joins the femur forming the hip joint |
| achondroplasia | inherited disorder of cartilage formation in the fetus leading to dwarfism |
| Acromion | outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the point of the shoulder |
| adduction | muscle movement toward the midline of the body |
| ankyl/o | stiff |
| ankylosing spondylitis | chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; marked by stiffness and eventual fusion of the involved joints |
| Ankylosis | stiffening and immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure |
| arthrodesis | bones are fused along the joint space or surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint (with prostheses); total hip replacement or total knee replacement are examples |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space |
| articulation | a connection between bones; joints |
| Atrophy | wasting away or a lack of development of a normally developed organ or tissue, especially muscles |
| bunion | abnormal swelling of the joint of the big toe and the bone of the foot |
| bursa | sack of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint |
| calcaneus | heal bone |
| cancellous | a porous or spongy structure |
| Cancellous bone | spongy porous bone tissue in the inner part of the bone |
| carpals | bones of the wrist |
| cartilage | flexible connective tissue that is firmer than muscle but softer than bone and found at the joint |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| clavicle | collar bone |
| Clubfoot | talipes equinovarus; congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus) |
| Colles fracture | broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius |
| comminuted fracture | broken bone that is splintered or crushed |
| compact bone | hard dense bone tissue under the periosteum |
| Compression fracture | bone is compressed; often occurs in vertebrae |
| Condyle | knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint |
| Connection of muscle to a stationary bone: | origin (beginning) of the muscle |
| Connection of muscle to the bone that moves | insertion of the muscle |
| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome; is pressure on the median nerve -- the nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to parts of the hand |
| Diaphysis | shaft or mid-portion of a long bone |
| dorsiflexion | backward (upward) bending of the foot |
| electromyography | EMG; process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation |
| epiphyseal plate | layer of cartilage at the end of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place |
| epiphysis | each end of a long bone |
| ethmoid bone | thin delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye |
| exostoses | benign tumors on surface of bone or bony growth arising from the surface of a bone |
| extension | increasing the angle between two bones and straightening a limb |
| fascia | fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle |
| femur | thigh bone |
| Fibula | smaller of the two lower leg bones |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones, as in bending a limb |
| Foramen | opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave |
| frontal bone | skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes |
| Gouty arthritis | inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints |
| Greenstick fracture | bone is partially broken; it breaks on one surface and only bends on the other, as when a green stick breaks; occurs in children |
| haversian canals | minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bones |
| Humeral | pertaining to the humerus or upper arm bone |
| humerus | upper arm bone |
| Humpback | kyphosis |
| hyperuricemia | increase in uric acid in the blood |
| insertion of a muscle | Connection of muscle to the bone that moves |
| intramuscular | IM; type of parenteral injection |
| ischium | upper part of hip bone or posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone |
| kyphosis | abnormal condition of outward curvature of the thoracic spine |
| lacrimal bone | two small facial bones that form the eye, contain tear glands and the canals for the passage of tear ducts |
| Laminectomy | operation to perform removal of slipped disc |
| leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle |
| ligament | connective tissue binding bones to other bones |
| lordosis | forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column. In its extreme form it is know by "swayback" |
| malleolus | either of two bony enlargements on each side of an ankle |
| mandible | lower jaw bone |
| Mandible, vomer, maxilla, and zygomatic are all bones of the | face |
| manubrium | upper portion of the sternum |
| mastoid process | round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear |
| maxilla | maxill/o; upper jaw bone |
| medullary cavity | hollow cavity in bone or inner section of a bone containing soft yellow bone marrow tissue |
| metaphysis | flared portion of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone |
| metatarsals | foot bones |
| myelopoiesis | formation of bone marrow |
| myocardial | pertaining to the muscle layer of the heart |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | NSAID; often prescribed to treat joint disorders |
| occipital bone | forms the posterior portion of the skull |
| Occipital, sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and ethmoid are bones of the | cranium |
| olecranon | large process of the end of the ulna; elbow |
| origin of a muscle | Connection of muscle to a stationary bone |
| rrhaphy | suture |
| orthopedist | surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting and treating deformities and diseases in bones |
| osseous tissue | bone tissue |
| ossification | process of forming bone |
| Osteoarthritis | chronic inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space |
| osteoblast | bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue |
| osteoclast | large bone cells that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing of fractures |
| Osteodystrophy | poor formation of bone or abnormal development of bone |
| osteogenic sarcoma | malignant tumor of bone tissue |
| Osteomalacia | softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral in bones; rickets |
| Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| Osteoporosis | abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. Bones become thin, weak, brittle and break easily |
| tomy | process of cutting |
| parietal bone | bones in the human skull that form the sides and roof of the cranium |
| patella | kneecap |
| periosteum | membrane surrounding the bone |
| peroneal | pertaining to the fibula |
| phalanges | finger and toe bones |
| phosphorus | mineral found in bones and teeth |
| plantar flexion | motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground |
| podagra | foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout |
| polymyalgia | pain of many muscles |
| polymyositis | inflammation of many muscles |
| pronation | as applied to the hand and forearm; the act of turning the palm backward or down |
| pubic symphysis | area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone |
| pyrexia | fever |
| red bone marrow is found where | space in cancellous bone |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of striated (skeletal) muscle |
| rheumat/o | watery flow |
| rheumatoid arthritis | chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissue |
| ribs | twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall |
| rotation | circular movement |
| Scapula | shoulder bone |
| Sciatica | pain radiating down the leg |
| scoli/o | crooked, bent |
| scoliosis | abnormal condition of lateral curvature of the spine |
| sella turcica | depression of the spheroid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland |
| sinus | hollow air cavity in bone |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary |
| sphenoid bone | bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull |
| Spondylolisthesis | forward slipping or subluxation of one vertebra over another |
| sprain | trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments |
| sternum | breast bone |
| strain | muscle injury involving overstretching of muscles with pain and swelling |
| styloid process | pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull |
| supination | as applied to the hand and forearm; the act of turning the palm forward or up |
| suture joint | joint in which apposed surfaces are closely united; motion is minimal. |
| synovial cavity | space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane. |
| synovial fluid | viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white; this accounts for the origin of the term |
| synovial joint | a freely movable joint |
| synovial membrane | membrane lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane |
| t1-t12 | thoracic vertebrae |
| Talipes | club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot |
| temporal bone | two bones on each side of the skull near the ear |
| temporomandibular joint | connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw |
| tendinitis | inflammation of tendons |
| tendon | a type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones |
| tibia | larger of the two lower leg bones |
| trabeculae | supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous spongy bone |
| trochanter | larger process at the neck of the femur |
| tubercle | small rounded process on a bone |
| tuberosity | large rounded process on a bone |
| vertebra | a back bone |
| visceral | pertaining to internal organs |
| visceral muscle | muscle that lines the walls of internal organs; smooth or involuntary muscles |
| xiphoid process | lower, narrow portion of the sternum; breastbone |
| yellow bone marrow | located in the medullary cavity; fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones |
| zygomatic bone | cheek bones of the face |
| Rheumatologist | specializes in arthritis |
| Chondroma | benign tumor of cartilage |
| tenorraphy | suture of a tendon |
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