| Term | Definition |
|---|
| carbohydrates | macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; used for quick energy and energy storage; includes sugars and polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | single sugars, often containing 5 or 6 carbons; examples include glucose and ribose |
| disaccharides | double sugars; includes sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| polysaccharides | many sugars, includes starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin |
| glucose | 6-carbon sugar used as fuel for cell |
| fructose | 6 -carbon sugar; an extremely sweet sugar |
| galactose | 6-carbon sugar that makes up part of lactose along with glucose |
| ribose | 5-carbon sugar found in RNA |
| deoxyribose | 5-carbon sugar found in DNA |
| sucrose | table sugar; composed of glucose and fructose |
| lactose | milk sugar; composed of glucose and galactose |
| maltose | malt sugar; composed of two glucoses |
| starch | plant polysaccharide used to store excess glucoses; spiral shaped |
| glycogen | animal polysaccharide used to store excess glucoses; highly branched; found in liver and muscle |
| cellulose | plant polysaccharide found in cell walls; indigestible by humans; called "fiber" |
| chitin | polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of bugs and crabs; also in cell walls of fungi or mushrooms |
| dehydration | reaction used to make disaccharides and polysaccharides from monosaccharides |
| hydrolysis | reaction used to break down polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides |
| straight-chain shape | typical structure of monosaccharides in dry form |
| ring shape | typical structure of monosaccharides when in water |
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