1.
anomie: a state of "normlessness"; people no longer feel attached to the common conscience or accountable to others
2.
assets forfeiture: government seizure of property derived from or used in criminal activity
3.
assize of arms: the Crown mandated that all adult males shared responsibility for maintaining law and order; had to keep at least one weapon in house for this purpose
4.
authorized strength: the maximum number of sworn personnel the agency budget allows and is usually fixed at some standard ratio of officers or deputies per 1,000 population
5.
booming doors: the practice of crews breaking into locations, without a search warrant, and taking whatever they found
6.
bow street runners: a specially chosen group of men who worked as paid detectives in London; these investigators would travel to a major crime scene, examine, the evidence, & launch an intensive search for violator
7.
chain-of-command: means that one can view each position within an agency in relative terms of authority. individuals are subordinate to those officers in a higher rank and must carry out orders issued by those person who are higher in the rank structure.
8.
chief tithingman: an elected member of a tithing that served as head of the group
9.
civilianization: this is when civilians are put into positions in law enforcement (like office positions) so cops can go out into the field; this is important because civilians may hold skills that cops dont possess
10.
civilianization: administrators are hiring more non-sworn personnel to work in police agencies
11.
code of silence: unwritten rule that an officer never incriminates another officer
12.
common value system: a normative structure where there would be consensus about what actions constitute conformity and what people consider to be deviant behavior
13.
community service officer: part of 3-tiered system; occupied final rank; youthful person, between age 17-21; assist with many of social services provided by police agencies, these people would continue education
14.
conflict perspective: adherents to this explanation believe that a small minority of powerful persons manipulate the legal system in order to preserve their advantage
15.
consensus viewpoint: theorists who adopt this viewpoint emphasize the degree to which people agree about what is right and what is wrong; they explain that widely held beliefs or community standards guide the way in which everybody behaves
16.
constable: his job twas to take care of all the weapons, equipment, and belongings of the hundred
17.
crew: organized group of officers that would raid drug dealers under the pretense of a lawful police investigation, steal the contraband, then sell the narcotics to other dealers
18.
deviant behavior: any action that exceeds social tolerance levels or oversteps the boundaries established by the folkways and mores
19.
entrepreneurial avocational policing: private civilians perform law enforcement tasks on a part-time basis & get paid for their productivity
20.
equitable sharing: the federal agency shares any proceeds derived from the investigation with the local participants in accordance with their level of participation in the case
21.
folkways: type of norm; pertains to behavioral expectations that deal with minor norms (ex: etiquette, niceness)
22.
formal social control: the law and the criminal justice system
23.
fragmentation: means there are multiple layers of independent organizations within the overall law enforcement system
24.
gemeinschaft: a small network of people who interact with eachother in primary relationships
25.
geographical jurisdiction: the land area that an agency covers
26.
gesellschaft: signifies that social interaction takes place within secondary relationships
27.
grass-eater: describes the officer who doesn't go looking for payouts, but will take if they come upon them; more passive
28.
hue and cry: when individual became errant round of members of tithing and began searching for wayward individual
29.
hundred: consisted of 10 tithings and was led by a member who assumed the role of the reeve
30.
in rem forfeiture: seizure of contraband, instrumentalities, and fruits of a crime; tainted or "guilty" property
31.
informal social control: actions taken by people to sanction behavior; positive - rewards people for certain behavior (ex: dean's list for good grades) and negative - adversely affects the persons behavior (ex: gossip, ostracism)
32.
line functions: a division of work that encompasses units devoted to carrying out the daily workings of the agency; (traffic, juvenile, intelligence, patrol division, etc.)
33.
meat-eater: describes the officer who actively looks for opportunities to extort money from participants of illegal enterprises
34.
mores: type of norm; they are normative standards that evoke strong reactions if violated. these are important because people consider them to be vital or essential to society's welfare (ex: Murder, cannibalism)
35.
mutual pledge system: a system that came into being during the reign of Alfred the Great; law enforcement fell soley on the shoulders of the local people
36.
night watch system: all towns people took turns watching over the city and guarding the gates against unwanted intruders
37.
non-sworn police employee: a civilian whose job is located within a law enforcement agency (dispatchers, computer analysts, etc.)
38.
norms: standards for how people should behave
39.
police agent: part of the three-tiered system; occupied the top notch of the career ladder; must have at least 2 years of college study; this person would coordinate a police team and conduct criminal investigations
40.
police officer: part of the three-tiered system; occupied the middle rung of the ladder; in charge of routine patrol, emergency response, and traffic enforcement
41.
police riot: this occurs when roving bands of policemen set upon nonprovocative persons and/or property in an excessively violent manner
42.
pretextual stop: takes place when an officer develops an interest in what a party is doing or in the contents of a vehicle; although the officer doesn't have sufficient legal basis to initiate a full-blown investigation, he or she simply follows the driver until there is a minor traffic violation and then that gives officer right to pul them over
43.
primary relationships: the ability of people to behave in a close and intimate way; each person knows the other party very well & has an emotional attachment to that individual (face-to-face interaction)
44.
quasi-military: the organizational structure of most police departments; members usually wear a distinctive uniform and are governed by an established set of rules and regulations
45.
racial profiling: biased-based policing; the practice of taking law enforcement actions because of a person's perceived racial background
46.
rat: the informant; the person who tells on another officer and breaks code of silence
47.
rotten apple theory: if one apple goes bad, it will make all the other apples go bad - so if you find an apple starting to go bad, and if you get rid of it, the thought is that you are saving the rest of the apples
48.
secondary relationships: describes discourse between strangers or people who do not share a close bond
49.
shake down: cops will search the street dealers and get drugs, won't turn drugs into "evidence" or destroy drugs, but will keep it for themselves
50.
shire: a county; where hundreds became grouped together
51.
shire-reeve: the person in charge of the geographical area of the shire
52.
Sir Robert Peel: "the father of modern policing"
53.
social control: the response to deviant behavior and any subsequent punishments or sanctions
54.
special jurisdiction agency: a law enforcement organization that is charged with police duties in a specific geographical location or is mandated with a specific police function
55.
staff functions: a division of work that pertains to the operation and management o the police agency
56.
sworn police employee: a person who has the power of arrest and the authority to carry a firearm
57.
thief takers: "bounty hunters"; lost sight of lofty ideals of justice and readily learned how to reap handsome sums of reward money through various combinations of lying & framing innocent persons
58.
third-degree: a coercive technique that was used to force unwilling people to make self-incriminatory remarks involuntarily
59.
tithing: units consisting of 10 families; any male over the age of 12 belonged to one
60.
tuns: little villages where people lived & farmed
61.
vigilantism: means that people take the law into their own hands in order to regain control & to secure values that they think are appropriate
