Terminology
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Created by:
bethpoo42blue on January 26, 2011
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Basic terms for anatomical-osteological description.
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anterior | A term indicating that a point or region lies nearer to the frontal surface of the body. The term VENTRAL is sometimes used synonymously. |
| Posterior | A term indicating that a point or region lies nearer the rear surface of the body. The term DORSAL is sometimes used synonymously. |
| Proximal | A term indicating a point or region which is nearest the point of central attachment. LONG BONES. |
| Distal | A term indicating a point or region which lies farthest from the point of central attachment. LONG BONES. |
| Superior | A point or region which lies above another point or region in the normal articulated position. |
| Inferior | A point or region which lies below another point or region in the normal articulated position. |
| Sagittal Plane | Any plane passing longitudinally through the body. Divides the body into two equal parts of right and left = mid-sagittal plane. |
| Coronal Plane | Bisects body from front and back. |
| Medial | Indicates a point or region lying nearest the mid-sagittal plane. |
| Lateral | Indicates a point or region lying farthest from the mid-sagittal plane. |
| Foramen | A hole or opening in bone for transmission of ligaments, blood vessels and nerves. |
| Fossa | A pit, depression or concavity in or on bone. Deeper and smaller. |
| Cavity | An open area within bone or formed by one or more bones. Shallow and wide. |
| Meatus | An elongated, tube-like passageway. Term CANAL sometimes synonymous. |
| Process | A general term describing any marked eminence on bone. (EX: scapula --> chromian process) |
| Tuberosity | A large process or eminence. Larger areas on bones where muscle attaches; rough. (EX: proximal humerus) |
| Tubercle | A small process or eminence. |
| Spinous | Sharp, slender process. |
| Condyle | A rounded process. Articulation points of joints. (EX: distal end or femur.) |
| Hematopoiesis | the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow) |
| Types of bones | long, short, flat, irregular |
| Compact/ Cortical Bone | Dense, outer layer of bone; comprises 80% of the skeleton |
| Spongy/ Cancellous Bone | inner layer honeycombed with flat projections called trabeculae |
| Periosteum | thin membrane that covers a bone; richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. These enter the bone of the shaft via a nutrient foramen. connected to the bone matrix via strong strands of collagen |
| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells; new bone that form and lay down in part of bone that needs it. Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix. Initiate calcification process. |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells; osteoblasts that have become trapped by secretion of matrix; responsible for maintaining bone tissue |
| Osteoclasts | large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix, releasing calcium ions into the blood. Concentrated in the endosteum |
| Organic Bone Matrix | 1/3 of bone by weight; several materials that are secreted by the osteoblasts. EX: collagen fibers for resilience and resistance. |
| Inorganic Bone Matrix | 2/3 of bone by weight; 2 salts = 1)calcium phosphate 2)calcium hydroxide in interaction hydroxyapatite; smaller amounts of magnesium, fluoride, and sodium (These minerals give bone its characteristic hardness and the ability to resist compression) |
| Diaphysis | shaft of long bone; thick collar or compact bone surrounding a central marrow cavity |
| Epiphyses | expanded ends of long bones; thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of spongy bone |
| Articular Cartilage | thin hyaline cartilage layer that covers epiphyses of bones in synovial joints; cushions bone and decrease friction |
| Endosteum | thin layer, internal bone surfaces covered; covers trabeculae in marrow and lines the canals that pass through compact bone |
| Diploe | the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones |
| Osteons | HAVERSIAN SYSTEM. Structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal, called the haversian canal, surrounded by a number of concentric rings of bony matrix called lamellae. |
| Interstitial Lamella | in between osteons and incomplete lamella |
| circumferential lamellae | extend around the circumference of the shaft. There are inner circumferential lamellae surrounding the endosteum and outer circumferential lamellae just inside the periosteum. |
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