chapter 4
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Created by:
snails2014 on January 27, 2011
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for the quiz friday 1-28-11
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chemistry | the study of matter and the changes it undergoes |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume); living things are made of matter |
| CHONSP | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous (six most common elements in living things) |
| pure substances | substances that can't be broken down or separated by normal, physical means |
| mixtures | can be broken down or separated by normal, physical means |
| element | a pure substance; the most basic form of matter that can't be broken down by normal, chemical means; only one type of atom |
| examples of elements | carbon, o2, h2, sodium, chloride (cl2) |
| examples of molecules | water, carbon dioxide, h2, carbon monoxide (co), chloride, c6h12o6 (glucose) |
| examples of compounds | water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sodium chloride, glucose |
| atom | the smallest unit/particle of an element that still has properties of that element; contains subatomic particles (protons, electrons, and neutrons) |
| protons | positive charge in the nucleus of an atom; number of protons defines what element that atom is (called atomic number) |
| electrons | negative charge outside of nucleus of an atom; determine how the element will react other elements (reactivity) |
| neutrons | no charge in the nucleus of an atom; isotopes |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons |
| radioisotopes | isotopes that are unstable and that emit energy and or particles to become stable |
| masss number | number of protons plus number of neutrons |
| molecule | more than one atom of the same of different kinds (aka could have only one kind of atom, or could have more than one kind of atom); atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| diatomic molecule | two atoms of the same element together |
| compound | pure substance; combination of elements that can be broken down by normal chemical reactions |
| chemical bond | force of attraction between atoms in a compound or a molecule; in a chemical reaction (chemical equation), chemical bonds are broken, atoms rearranged, and new chemical bonds are arranged |
| ion | an atom that has lost of gained electrons (ex: 2p+ 2e- -> 2p+1e- |
| ionic bond | force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions (involves transfer of electrons) |
| covalent bonds | involve sharing electrons (single bond = sharing one pair of e-); double bond = sharing two pairs of e-; triple bond = sharing three pairs of e- |
| polar covalent bond | covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally; they spend more time with one of the atoms |
| polar molecule | contains polar bonds and has a bent shape that leads to oppositely charged ends (poles) |
| hydrogen bonds | force of attraction between molecules (NOt between atoms within a molecule) aka intermolecular force; between molecules that are polar and have hydrogen |
| adhesion | water sticking to other things |
| cohesion | water molecules stick to eachother; causes water to have high surface tension |
| all properties of water are related to what? | water being polar and forming hydrogen bonds |
| solution | a uniform mixture (clear, no visible particles) that contains a solute & solvent |
| solute | the substance that's being dissolved; substance that there is less of in a solution |
| solvent | the substance that's dissolving the solute; substance there is more of in a solution |
| what is water good at mixing with? | other polar substances & with ionic compounds |
| aqueous solution | water acting as the solvent |
| what is special about water when it is heated up? | it takes a long time to heat up but holds its heat for a long time which helps large bodies of water with moderate climates |
| what is the boiling point of water? | 100 degrees celsius (a gas) |
| what is the freezing point of water? | 0 degrees celsius (a solid) |
| when is water a liquid? | between 0 to 100 degrees celsius |
| when is water at it's most dense state? | 4 degrees celcius |
| what is important about water? | ice is less dense than liquid water which is why it floats; also, solids have most amount of H bonding while gases have least and liquids have moderate |
| acid | compound that donates H+ to a solution |
| base | compound that removes H+ from a solution/adds OH- |
| what is the pH scale? | 0 to 6.9999 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 7.11111 to 14 is basic |
| iso | equal |
| inter | between |
| co | together |
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