| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Heat | total kinetic enery in a substance not associated with bluk motion |
| Temperature | measure of speed of motion of atoms in a molecule |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | enery is neither created or destroyed |
| Second Law of Thermodyanmics | In successive energy transfer, less energy is avaible to perform work |
| Entropy | the amount of disorder |
| Solar Energy Essential | warmth, photosynthesis |
| Radiant Energy | Chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules |
| Solar Radiation | 10% Ultraviolet, 45% Visible, 45% Infrared |
| Photoysnthesis | 6H20 (6 water) + 6 CO2 (6 Carbon Dioxide) + Solar Enery = C6H1206 (glucose) + 6O2 (6 oxygen) |
| Gulcose | Fuel for all metabolic processes in plant cells |
| Respiration | C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O (6 oxygen) = 6H2O (water) 6CO2 (6 carbon dioxide) + 6O2 (6 oxygen) + solar energy |
| Population | all member of a species living in a given area at the same time |
| Biological Community | all the populations of organims living and interacting in a particular area |
| Ecosystem | biological community and its physcial environment |
| Food Chain | linked feeding series |
| Food Web | many food chains linked together |
| Trophic Level | expression of an organism |
| Nutrient Cycles | Nitrogen, Carbon, Rock, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Water |
| Paths of Cycles | Recyle nutrients through the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere |
| Macronutrients | elements need in large amounts (C, H, N, O, P, S) |
| Micronutrients | required in small amounts, limiting factors, elements are not aviable at the right time or in the right amount |
| Importance of N | component of DNA/RNA, required for protein, nulceic acis, chlorophyll |
| How N is Used | N in the air is unusbale, has to be "fixed" by bacteria |
| N Fixation | conversion of gaseous nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) now useable, conducted by bacteria that live in root nodules, soybeans and legumes already have these, need for fertilizer, done by combustion, volcanic action, lighting and industry |
| Nitrification | conversion of ammonia to ammonium soil bacter help (NH4) to nitrites (NO2) to nitrate (NO3) |
| Ammonium and nitrites | toxic to plants |
| Assimilation | plant roots absorb nitrate, ammonia or ammonium and incorporate them into proteins and nuclie acids |
| Dentrification | process or releasing fixed N back into the air as N2; also done by bacteria |
| Death | nitrogen is added back to the cycle through deocmposition |
| Human Impact on N Cycle | remove a lot to make fertilizer, remove from soil by clearing forests, add excess in aquatic ecosystems, use of synthetic fertilizers, wastewater contamination, increase natural rate by 3.7 |
| Importance of Sulfur | important to living things because it is one of the main components of proteins |
| Sulfur Key Steps | main source from lithosphere, taken up by plants, animals eat the plants, volcanic eruptions, decomposition, humans (enter as hydrogen sulfide H2S) ocea via gas exchange |
| Human Impact on S Cycle | burning coal and oil, refining oil, acid precipiatation, burn sulfur containing coal/oil to produce electric power, make gas/heating oil |
| Importance of Hydrologic Cycle | necessary for all life, rock cycle |
| evaporation | (liquid to gas) of water from the oceans from land |
| Condensation | (gas to liquid) |
| precipitation | water in any form falling from atmosphere |
| Infiltration | entry of water into the Earth's surface |
| Percolation | when water descends through soil and rock, under root zone |
| Runoff | water moves from surface to bodies of water |
| Human Impact on H | withdraw water faster than it is replenished, clearing vegetation causes flooding, water cycle is speeding up, increase in severe weather |
| Importance of Carbon Cycle | the element that anchors all organic substances |
| Steps of Carbon | burning, phototsynthesis, respiration, death, fossil fuels |
| Human Impact on C | cutting down trees/plants, burning fossil fuels, NATURAL greenhouse effect |
| Missin Carbon Sink | substantial amounts of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere but apparently not reabsorbed and thus reamining unaccounted for |
| Rock Cycle | depends on tectonic cycle for energy, hydrologic cycle for water |
| Igneous | formed from the cooling of molten rock |
| Volcanic igneous rock | formed from molten rock that cooled quickly on or near the earth's surface |
| Putonic igneous rocks | the result of the slow cooling of molten rock far beneath the surface |
| Sediments | formed in layers as the results of moderate pressure on accumulated sediments |
| Metaphormic | formed from older "parent" rock under intense hear and/or pressure at considerable depths beneath the earth's surface |
| Importance of Rock Cycle | weathering produces soils, soils are a mix of small rock particles as well as organic matter |
| Human Impact on Rock Cycle | over grazing, farming, urbanization/deforestation |
| Geologic Cycle | is formed by the tectonic, hydrologic, rock, and biochemical |
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